Are individuals Mental Health issues treated fairly by the Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1725 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Justice Essay Did you like this example? Are individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s with Mental Health issues treated fairly by the Criminal Justice System? 1500 words. In this essay I will examine how individuals with mental health issues are treated by the Criminal Justice System and whether in modern day society it would be deemed fairly. The Mental Health Act of 1983 defined mental health issues as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of mind[1] A more modern definition is a wide variety of mental conditions that affect a persons, mood, mind-set and behaviour. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are individuals Mental Health issues treated fairly by the Criminal Justice System?" essay for you Create order An example of a mental health condition is schizophrenia described as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“long term mental disorder leading to a breakdown between thought, emotion and behaviour causing faulty perceptions and inappropriate actions and feelingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[2] Historically there has always been a stigma attached to mental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Society as a whole express common stereotypes about people with mental illness and how it changes them. They believe they are violent and pose a risk to others. On the contrary these people are more likely to be attacked or self-harm, than to harm another. A lack of employment and long term relationships, poor quality of life and social isolation have all been linked to mental health. By being victim to discrimination and negative stereotypes sufferers find themselves trapped in a cycle of illness.[3] In 1845 the Lunacy Act was passed, this put pressure on counties to provide asylum for people suffering from mental health issues where they could be treated as patients and not prisoners. By 1990 nearly seventy asylums had been opened nationwide.[4] The mental health act of 1983 updated in 2007 is the law in the United Kingdom that allows a person with a mental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to receive medical treatment and be admitted to medical facilities / hospitals without their consent. This will be done when there is a concern for their wellbeing or the safety of the people around them. There are different sections of the act under which patients can be admitted, treated or detained. When someone is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sectionedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  they will be admitted to hospital with or without their consent. There are three types of professionals trained to deal with patients under the mental health act. Firstly mental health professions such as social workers or therapists whose role is to decide who needs to be admitted to hospitals. Secondly clinicians who will have overall responsibil ity for someone who has been sectioned. Finally doctors who are highly trained in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health illnesses. By having a structured systems of roles, systems and procedures for the recognition and treatment of mental health issues it ensures patients receive only the best care tailored for their individual needs. The Criminal Justice System is the process that punishes criminals and compensates the victims of crime. The aim of the Criminal Justice System is to ensure what is morally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is upheld within the standards set out by the law. The Criminal Justice System encounters people suffering from mental health issues on a regular basis in a variety of roles. To establish whether they are treated fairly I will be looking at mental health suffers as suspects of a crime, witnesses, victims and finally prisoners within the United Kingdom. The purpose of the police is to maintain law and order in society. When a cr ime is committed it falls to the police to record and investigate it. The majority of society will only have a very limited involvement with the police. However when there is contact between people suffering from mental health issues and the police a slightly different approach may be needed. Special schemes can be put on any address if there is reason to believe the person residing at the address is at risk. A special scheme will cause any emergency call to be rated high risk and more than one police unit will be dispatched. The special scheme will contain information about the address and resident designed to assist the attending officers. Total victim care is a relatively new concept utilised by the Metropolitan Police, intended to raise the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  satisfaction level of people who come in contact with them. One way of doing this is by providing contact details of outside agencies that can be of assistance. For people with mental health issue s this may bring to light help groups that before had been unknown to them. If someone is the suspect of a crime an interview will be conducted to ascertain their potential involvement. If someone suffers from mental health and is deemed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“vulnerableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and unfit to be interviewed without assistance an appropriate adult will be required. Their role will be to assist the detained person to ensure they understand what is happening and the purpose of the interview. In addition they will aid communication between the police and the person and ensure their legal rights are respected. If someone is charged with a crime their case will usually be heard at court. Victims or witnesses may have to give evidence in the presence and hearing of the person guilty of the crime. In any situation this is a daunting prospect even more so for people suffering from a mental illness. The victim or witness can give evidence via video link instead of being present in the co urt room, if this is not suitable special screens can be put up during the trial to hide the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s appearance. Having a mental illness does not mean you cannot be guilty of an offence, however it must be proved that the person was aware of their actions and the likely consequences. There are two defences available to defendants with a recognised mental illness. The first defence is diminished responsibility, available for murder cases. If successful it will reduce the conviction to manslaughter. The defence was introduced by the Homicide Act 1957. To be eligible the defendant must be able to prove: At the time of committing the offence they had an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“abnormality of mental functioning caused by a recognised medical conditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Which provides an explanation as to their part in the killing. Which impaired their ability to: Understand their behaviour. Make a rational decision. Show self-control.[5] Another available defence is insanity, available for all offences. If someone is found to be insane the court verdict will be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not guilty by reason of insanityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Initially this would mean automatic admittance to a secure facility where release could only be granted by the home secretary. Now if an offence is fixed by law such as murder detention is automatic. In any other case it will be up to the judge. [6] By having defences such as the above it allows suffers of mental health to receive reduced convictions and sentences if it is deemed they did not have the mens rea (guilty mind) when they committed the offence. This recognises the fact that due to their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“abnormality of mental functioningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  they should not be treated as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“guiltyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a person of sound mind. In the last ten years the percentage of prisoners in the UK suffering from mental health issues has increased significantly. In 2006 th e task of looking after their health care was passed to the National Health Service, their goal to provide the same access to health services as the general public. The NHS provided specialist teams to work with prisoners suffering from mental health problems. This has increased the quality of mental health care being provided. However a lack of guidance and the ever changing prison populations has proved difficult. In addition due to a lack of trained staff and overcrowding in prisons there is substantial evidence to suggest that prisons are failing to reduce offending and that the social and financial costs are not proportionate. Not all prisons have a 24/7 care facility. Reports have indicated that if they do they spend the majority of their resources on inmates with mental health problems. If a detained person requires treatment under the Mental Health Act, they will be transported to an NHS Hospital as the act does not allow for treatment to be administered in a prison. Outside agencies will carry out mental health assessments for inmates if required, unfortunately due to a lack of communication between the agencies previous records may not be shared. This can cause multiple initial assessments to be carried out and existing mental health conditions to remain undiagnosed. The existence of trained staff, medical facilities and treatment available to prisoners for the diagnosis, treatment and aftercare of mental health issues in prison all support the case that people with mental health issues are treated fairly in that section of the criminal justice system. However as highlighted there are still issues in existence primarily due to a lack of funding and trained staff. [7] To conclude I have looked at the existence of mental health issues in the criminal justice system and the many forms they take. From the start to the finish of the system there are procedures and processes to ensure that mental health illnesses are diagnosed, recognised, t reated and taken into consideration when appropriate. Because of this there is more evidence than not to suggest people with mental health issues are treated fairly within the system. Although more work is needed to ensure the processes put in place are more efficient and better suited to the task the face. Word Count Word Count 1500 +10% allowance (150) = 1645 words. References 1. The National Archives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mental Health Act 1983. www.legislation.gov.uk. Oxford University Dictionary 2015. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Mental Health Foundation Stigma and Discrimination. www.mentalhealth.org.uk. History of the Asylum. www.thetimechamber.co.uk. Centre for Mental Health Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System. www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk. *Please note this reference was used throughout the prisons section*. Jack Lyle 09/06/1994 [1] The National Archives. (1983).Mental Health Act 1983.Available: www.legislation.gov.uk. Last accessed 11th May 2015. [2] Oxford University. (2015).Schizophrenia.Available: www.oxforddictionaries.com. Last accessed 11th May 2015. [3] Mental Health Foundation. (2015).Stigma and Discrimination. Available: www.mentalhealth.org.uk. Last accessed 12th May 2015. [4] History of the Asylum (2007).Available: www.thetimechamber.co.uk. Last accessed 12th May 2015. [5] E-Law Resources. (2008).Diminished Responsibility.Available: www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Diminished-responsibility. Last accessed 21st May 2015. [6] E-Law Resources. (2008).Defence of Insanity.Available: www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Insanity. Last accessed 21st May 2015. [7] Centre for Mental Health. (2014).Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System.Available: www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk. Last accessed 21st May 2015.

Amino Acid Definition and Examples

Amino acids are important in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. They are considered to be the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins. Learn about their chemical composition, functions, abbreviations, and properties. Amino Acids An amino acid is an organic compound characterized by having a carboxyl group, amino group, and side-chain attached to a central carbon atom.Amino acids are used as precursors for other molecules in the body. Linking amino acids together forms polypeptides, which may become proteins.Amino acids are made from genetic code in the ribosomes of eukaryotic cells. The genetic code is a code for proteins made within cells. DNA is translated into RNA. Three bases (combinations of adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine) code for an amino acid. There is more than one code for most amino acids.Some amino acids may not be made by an organism. These essential amino acids must be present in the organisms diet.In addition, other metabolic processes convert molecules into amino acids. Amino Acid Definition An amino acid is a type of organic acid that contains a carboxyl  functional group (-COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2) as well as a side chain (designated as R) that is specific to the individual amino acid. The elements found in all amino acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, but their side chains may contain other elements as well. Shorthand notation for amino acids may be either a three-letter abbreviation or a single letter. For example, valine may be indicated by V or val; histidine is H or his. Amino acids may function on their own, but more commonly act as monomers to form larger molecules. Linking a few amino acids together forms peptides, and a chain of many amino acids is called a polypeptide. Polypeptides may be modified and combine to become proteins. Creation of Proteins The process of producing proteins based on an RNA template is called translation. It occurs in the ribosomes of cells. There are 22 amino acids involved in protein production. These amino acids are considered to be proteinogenic. In addition to the proteinogenic amino acids, there are some amino acids that are not found in any protein. An example is the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. Typically, nonproteinogenic amino acids function in amino acid metabolism. The translation of genetic code involves 20 amino acids, which are called canonical amino acids or standard amino acids. For each amino acid, a series of three mRNA residues acts as a codon during translation (the genetic code). The other two amino acids found in proteins are pyrrolysine and selenocysteine. These are specially coded, usually by an mRNA codon that otherwise functions as a stop codon. Common Misspellings: ammino acid Examples of Amino Acids: lysine, glycine, tryptophan Functions of Amino Acids Because amino acids are used to build proteins, most of the human body consists of them. Their abundance is second only to water. Amino acids are used to build a variety of molecules and are used in neurotransmitter and lipid transport. Amino Acid Chirality Amino acids are capable of chirality, where the functional groups may be on either side of a C-C bond. In the natural world, most amino acids are the L-isomers. There are a few instances of D-isomers. An example is the polypeptide gramicidin, which consists of a mixture of D- and L-isomers. One and Three Letter Abbreviations The amino acids most commonly memorized and encountered in biochemistry are: Glycine, Gly, GValine, Val, VLeucine, Leu, LIsoeucine, Leu, LProline, Pro, PThreonine, Thr, TCysteine, Cys, C  Methionine, Met, MPhenylalanine, Phe, FTyrosine, Tyr, Y  Tryptophan, Trp, W  Arginine, Arg, RAspartate, Asp, DGlutamate, Glu, EAparagine, Asn, NGlutamine, Gln, QAparagine, Asn, N Properties of the Amino Acids The characteristics of the amino acids depend on the composition of their R side chain. Using the single-letter abbreviations: Polar or Hydrophilic: N, Q, S, T, K, R, H, D, ENon-Polar or Hydrophobic: A, V, L, I, P, Y, F, M, CContain Sulfur: C, MHydrogen Bonding: C, W, N, Q, S, T, Y, K, R, H, D, EIonizable: D, E, H, C, Y, K, RCyclic: PAromatic: F, W, Y (H also, but doesnt display much UV absorption)Aliphatic: G, A, V, L, I, PForms a Disulfide Bond: CAcidic (Positively Charged at Neutral pH): D, EBasic (Negatively Charged at Neutral pH): K, R

Business Proposal - 1255 Words

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This will help and allow the potential customer to view and test the product before purchasing which would in turn increase consumer confidence. Becaus e Mr. Will Bury currently operates his business out of his garage he presently has fixed costs that include a portion of his mortgage and utilities. His variable costs are royalty fees for copyrighted book titles, labor, and the materials used to convert the text and place them in a digital and audio format. In order or Mr. Will Bury to continue to improve his new technology he will need to hire additional labor to run the conversion process and help him in researching and securing copyrighted material appropriate for conversion. This will then allow Mr. Will Bury to increase his production and revenue; however, his variable costs will also increase. This will increase Mr. Will Bury’s total cost and will factor into the price he then sets for his product. 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Civil War Spies - 2082 Words

Male and female spies were essential sources of information during the Civil War. The best spies were people you would never suspect. Spies were brave, faceless and they knew the environment very well. Their presence was incredibly excepted. Whether they dressed as men and joined the army, posed as mindless slaves, or just kept their ears opens in collective circles, spies provided necessary information. It was even a woman spy who provided Union battle plans to Confederate Army, which allowed them to win the First Battle of Manassass (First Bull Run). Throughout history, men have been spies and the American Civil War was no exception. The finest spies are people you would never suspect. Spencer Kellogg Brown, George Curtis and Philip†¦show more content†¦There he shared the information that he had gathered on his journey. It is not known why he was such a great spy but he was knoown as a sneaky man. 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Police Enforcement And The Police Agencies - 1609 Words

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Police And Other Agencies Within Law Enforcement1469 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Police and other agencies within law enforcement receive multiple calls for service daily. They enter a world of the unknown while being required to serve and protect the general public fairly, without bias toward race, religion, gender, or political affiliation. They are confronted with serious crimes that they must deal with at any given moment, on any given day. Law enforcement officers may receive a call-for-service to handle a domestic dispute where weapons are involved, respondRead MoreThe History of Police Agencies and Different Types of Law Enforcement877 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment of Police Agencies: Policing in the United States has mainly been based and expanded on the ideas of English way of policing. The English way of policing has not only been used as the basis for American policing but it has also been used to commence an era of evolving police agencies. In its early years, policing in the United States was largely regarded as a civic duty or responsibility of community members. The appointed officers were neither trained nor paid for their servicesRead MoreLaw Enforcement History: Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions1017 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions: An Analysis Man is cruel and competitive. For these reasons, man often times wrongs others in society. And for this reason, it is necessary to have a law enforcement agency, whether local, state-based, or federal. In the absence of the rule of law, society would not be able to function, and man must make a pact that, in order to live and be protected within society, he must obey these laws. Police agencies often times serve as the

Asia Pacific Business

Question: Discuss about the Asia Pacific Business. Answer: Introduction The business system is described as the framework that facilitates a company to formulate the set of movements most likely to accomplish this benefit. The business system charts every step involved to create and deliver products of a company. Managers have the choice of how to conduct a business that starts from development of a commodity to sales and service, at every link in the chain. The word system mostly stresses the importance of supporting at each step with the proposition of value (Zokaei et al. 2013). The essay provides an overview by comparing and contrasting business systems in Korea, China and Japan. It provides an overview about Korean business conglomerate that is termed as chaebol whereas; in Japan Keiretsu formed the largest group of business. According to the present research on varieties of capitalism, a field termed as comparative business systems, owes much of its strength to the influential volume. The economic development of East Asia has been regarded as the most pleasing surprises in the world (Waldenberger 2016). The essay compares the business systems between Japan, China and Korea. It shows that the market performance between China and Japan are far better as compared to their counterparts in the United States and Europe. In order compare and contrast the business system in Korea, China and Japan, it is required to make an understanding about the business system. Discussions According to Palmer (2016), in Japan the largest business group is formed under its business conglomerate known as Keiretsu that is also considered as the major contributors to the economy of Japan. This business group mostly employs Japanese style of administration and system. Zaibatsu was the predecessor of Keiretsu, which are considered as family run. There are mainly two types of Keiretsu; the first one is the horizontally organized Keiretsu and the second is the vertically organized Keiretsu. As opined by Yanase and Limpaphayom (2015), Fuyo Group is the largest Japanese Keiretsu that is considered as the corporate that descended from Yasuda zaibatsu. It was a key business group in Japan until the Second World War. However, in the year 1948 Yasuda was taken apart with its major monetary arm Yasuda Bank becoming Fuji Bank. Under this form of business conglomerate, both capital and human resources are knitted jointly together. The governing of the companies under this business conglomerate is handed to experts or agents in order to avoid disagreement among group members. The upright prearranged Keiretsu are mostly formed by a large parent company. Each flow and function of the companies follows a top to down procedure in order to control inventories as well as industrialized quality. Almost all the small and medium sized companies follow and utilize this system in Japan. On the other hand, in the year 1979 China started its reform program after the initiation of economic door policy by Deng Xiao Ping. The state government modernizes the major industries of China such as agriculture and technology. The state owned enterprise is also provided with the rights to form the structure of their company according to the requirements of leaner production procedure as well as maximization of market. The usage of profits and loss are also implemented by the state government of China (Yu 2014). With the help of this, a segment of the profits is donated to the state government however; the remaining profits can be kept by the state owned enterprise. The state government of China has also undertaking the downsizing of the state owned enterprise. This includes the development of stock exchange in Shanghai and Shenzhen and also transforms some imperative markets to shareholding industries in order to trade. As a result, it gives rise to the communist market economy i n China whereby commercial way of administrating the economy is reinforced. Japan follows development of its own industries whereas; China follows foreign direct investment policy. Japan has determined to become a part of export-determined economy and as a result, Japanese have been quick to recuperate its economy by competing ferociously in the ever rousingly saturated market. The commodities they are agitating out are of superior dependability and they often demean its competitors by a large margin to win the contract. Japan endowed profoundly on research and development in order to generate high value commodities to make it advantageous to the world. The business systems of Japan have also introduced several methods to enhance efficiency in order to ensure profitability. As opined by Issar and Navon (2016), Toyota generated a system termed as Just-In-Time (JIT) that highlight on the unemployment of keeping live inventory. JIT was first created in the year 1950 that disseminated slowly into diverse industries and plants in Japan. It necessitates close coll aborative association with all its suppliers for all its industries to work. With good performance, it can make sure lean production with little drooping and good flow procedure. This procedure brings about the envy of the manufacturing world particularly in the United States. The companies of Japan also made the use of Total Quality Control (TQC) in production. Professor William Demming who belongs to the city of New York however introduced it; the companies of Japan mostly utilize TQC. The major notion of TQC is to have little or no tolerance at rework. This is mostly because; most of the companies consider reworking of a work as wastage of time (Deshpand et al. 2013). On the other hand, according to Wang (2013), the state government of China views foreign direct investment as a very imperative medium in order to enhance the economy. The state government also generated four Special Economic Zones in Fujian and Guangdong in order to persuade the facilitation of foreign direct investment. The state government comprehends that by generating four zones is not adequate to open up the market. Due to increasing manufacturing cost in the Japanese companies, Japan has started to pour overseas direct investment into China to reduce cost. As a result, the importance of foreign direct investment can be reflected in both the countries. Japan mostly benefits from the low cost of production however; on the other hand, China benefits from the capital inflow as well as technology transfer. The Peoples Republic of China mostly makes the use of the socialist market economy that is based on the governance of State owned enterprises as well as upholding a free market open market. During the early stage of monetary reform in China, socialism can be considered as the basis for the reform and therefore has to implement industrialist techniques in order to survive (Alba, Song and Wang 2013). Japan mostly adopted the system of capitalist market economy that is quite similar to that of its western counterparts. With the help of this system, the business systems of Japan are encouraged to carry a free trade in the market. China adopted the market economy in the year 1980 that was coupled with the alleged reform and opening up policy, blocks of the market entry to the key Asian countries have in due course been erased. However, even though the market economy of China has been developing with large inflows of overseas investment as well as export, the political standing of China, which is one party controlled government, is dissimilar from that of US and other key western countries (Li, Cui and Lu 2014). According to Murillo and Sung (2013), the business conglomerate of Korea is known as chaebol that is famous for its exclusive organizational structure as well as administration pattern. Every chaebol is composed of several companies thus being engaged in diverse types of economic activities. However, they are all combined jointly by a vertically federal command structure controlled by the proprietor and his family members. Hyundai is considered as the major chaebol that is considered as the corporate that was initiated by Chung Ju Yung who visited Seoul as a teenager in the year 1930. After the Second World War, he developed trade relation with the US military and won construction contracts from them. Hyundai was provided the contract to build the 260 mile highway between second largest city of South Korea, Pusan as well as the capital Seoul. Hyundai was involved in the construction of overseas projects. The managerial authority of the owners is allegedly derived from his share of capitals. The major owner characteristically occupies the position of the group leadership, thus acting like a established patriarchy and authorizing control with the help of personal staff in the management of the overall chaebol group. However, the chaebol proprietor does not restrict the size of the business organization to the one that he can individually administer. Rather, he builds up a large officious structure that he dominates by making the use of his share of capital. The progression to the leadership of a chaebol is in accordance to patrimonial objectives. Chaebol mostly operates with a complicated officious decision making procedure that engages functionally dedicated offices as well as definite tasks (Choi et al. 2014). The initial organizational structures and operation of the chaebol bear a resemblance to those of the states in Korea, with which it shares a close relation. Every chaebol function as a articulate group, in severe competition with other chaebol. However, the corporate recognition of the chaebol is much weaker as compared to the business organization in Japan. According to Yanase and Limpaphayom (2015), the business groups of Japan that is mostly referred to as keiretus, is mostly identical to that of the Korean chaebol both in terms of size as well as in terms of the importance to the economy of Japan. However, both chaebol and keiretus operates on the principles quite diverse from those of their Korean counterpart. Most of the scholars distinguish keiretsu from chaebol based on their types. There are mainly two types of chaebol; the first is deals with the intermarket group while the second deals with independent groups. The intermarket group mostly deals with the engagement of diverse industrial sectors. The correlation of the member firms under this type of keiretsu is more collegial rather than hierarchical. Under such keiretsu, control and coordination is accomplished with the help of dispersed networks of presidential clubs, mutual share holdings as well as interlocking directorships (Glattfelder 2013). On the other hand, independent groups are liable to be identical to member firms of the intermarket keiretsu. Each of the intermarket keiretsu consists of a large as well as highly successful parent company as well as vertically aligned subsidiary companies. Despite some connection with Korean chaebol, the Japanese keiretsu is distinguishing for the strong networks it promotes as well as networks that work to restrain the blunt and inept appliance of authority. The ability pattern in China also diverges from that of proprietors of Korean Chaebol. In Korea, there are large hierarchically arranged sets of firms however; in China, there are mostly family firms where each firm consists of a small segment of the production chain. In Korea, the firms are directly controlled by the central holding company that is possessed by an individual or a family unit. On the other hand, the business groups in China are often conglomerates of disparate trades that are usually owned by an individual family. The intellectual layer of the Korean trade system illustrates a comparatively higher level of resemblance with that of China. The institutionalized trust in Korea is much more strongly enhanced as compared to that of China (Hasegawa and Noronha 2014). As far as management of firm is concerned, the structures of the firms in China are centralized and interdependence between managers and workers are mostly weak. As far as networks are concerned, Korean chaebol are of self-sufficient size and they also demonstrate low dependence on suppliers and distributors. Either the organizational system of the companies in Korea is characterized as disciplined or hierarchical that in turn reflects the widespread social pattern. Korea is a society that witness respect for authority and their job status is an established norm. Under the management business system in Korea, workers are expected to illustrate a high degree of loyalty towards their employer. Similarly, workers are professed to be a highly valued asset that is reflected by the professed importance of job training. On the other hand, managers are unenthusiastic to delegate to individuals who are not personally trusted that limits the complexity that is undertaken and implemented by a f irm. Management of private firms in China mostly involves direct managerial control by the family proprietors (Lu et al. 2014). As far as network is concerned, the dominant bargaining power related to chaebol dominates trade partners that mostly are small medium enterprises, which have adjusted its trade activities to individual corporate customers. On the other hand, the foreign Chinese business networks are structured hierarchically that is followed by the hierarchy of the family firm. There is mostly lack of business network in China due to limited requirement. According to Folk and Jomo (2013),intellectual protection of property is weak and as a result, the firms in China takes advantage of that to copy what they crave. Korea on the other hand, reflects corporate competition for a leading position that acts as the fundamental motivation behind many of the new investments. The adverse correlation and competition between chaebol can be exemplified by the relationship between Lucky Goldstar (LG) and Samsung as well as their ambition to dominate the electronics market in Korea. There has been low degree of al liance-based modes of incorporation in the post-war Korean business system. An increase of technological partnership between companies is mostly noticed under the Korean business system. Personal trust is critical for most of the Korean firms while building coalition with firms outside the business group. Conclusion It has been concluded that the bank of Zaibatsu merged with Taiyo Kobe bank after the year 1990 and then in the year 2002, it became associated with Sumitomo bank thus creating one of the largest financial groups in Japan. With the economic stagnation of the year 1990, a more crucial horizontal keiretsu has been formed. After 1990, zaibatsu dissolution became the major importance to the establishment of the so-called Japanese-style mixed economy. After 1990, both the chaebol Samsung and LG started flourishing among the top ten 10 companies in South Korea. The economic crisis in Japan in the late 1990s forced the companies of Japan to compete for price as well as quality by making the use of market-based systems. It can also be concluded that in South Korea, chaebol is comprised of multiple companies with robust internal transaction that are controlled by an individual enterprise. Zaibatsu is largely influences chaebol as both zaibatsu and chaebol are considered as family-owned multin ational companies. Most of the chaebol trace their origin back to the period of the occupation of Japan of South Korea. Cooperation in trade requires patient building of inter-personal trust mostly between the proprietors. However, under the management business system in Korea, workers are expected to illustrate a high degree of loyalty towards their employer. References Alba, J.D., Song, P.X. and Wang, P., 2013. Is There A Positive Association Between Merger And Acquisition And Non-Merger And Acquisition Fdi? Firm-Level Evidence From Japanese Foreign Direct Investment Into United States.The Singapore Economic Review,58(04), p.1350028. Choi, Y.R., Yoshikawa, T., Zahra, S.A. and Han, B.H., 2014. Market-oriented institutional change and RD investments: Do business groups enhance advantage?.Journal of World Business,49(4), pp.466-475. Deshpand, R., Grinstein, A., Kim, S.H. and Ofek, E., 2013. Achievement motivation, strategic orientations and business performance in entrepreneurial firms: How different are Japanese and American founders?.International Marketing Review,30(3), pp.231-252. Folk, B.C. and Jomo, K.S., 2013.Ethnic Business: Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia. Routledge. Glattfelder, J.B., 2013. Backbone of complex networks of corporations: The flow of control. InDecoding Complexity(pp. 67-93). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hasegawa, H. and Noronha, C. eds., 2014.Asian business and management: Theory, practice and perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. Issar, G. and Navon, L.R., 2016. Just in Time (JIT). InOperational Excellence(pp. 65-67). Springer International Publishing. Li, M.H., Cui, L. and Lu, J., 2014. Varieties in state capitalism: Outward FDI strategies of central and local state-owned enterprises from emerging economy countries.Journal of International Business Studies,45(8), pp.980-1004. Lu, J., Liu, X., Filatotchev, I. and Wright, M., 2014. The impact of domestic diversification and top management teams on the international diversification of Chinese firms.International Business Review,23(2), pp.455-467. Murillo, D. and Sung, Y.D., 2013. Understanding Korean capitalism: Chaebols and their corporate governance.ESADEgeo Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics Position Paper,33. Palmer, D., 2016. Foreign Forced Labor at Mitsubishis Nagasaki and Hiroshima Shipyards: Big Business, Militarized Government, and the Absence of Shipbuilding Workers Rights in World War ii Japan.On Coerced Labor: Work and Compulsion after Chattel Slavery, p.159. Waldenberger, F., 2016. Horizontal keiretsu Defining characteristics.Routledge Handbook of Japanese Business and Management, p.35. Wang, J., 2013. The economic impact of special economic zones: Evidence from Chinese municipalities.Journal of development economics,101, pp.133-147. Yanase, N. and Limpaphayom, P., 2015. Organization Structure and Corporate Demand for Reinsurance: The Case of the Japanese Keiretsu.Journal of Risk and Insurance. Yanase, N. and Limpaphayom, P., 2015. Organization Structure and Corporate Demand for Reinsurance: The Case of the Japanese Keiretsu.Journal of Risk and Insurance. Yu, F.L.T., 2014. China's Economic Change in Entrepreneurial Perspective: Mao Zedong (Transformative Entrepreneurship) versus Deng Xiaoping (Adaptive Entrepreneurship)+.International Journal of China Studies,5(3), p.599. Zokaei, K., Lovins, H., Wood, A. and Hines, P., 2013.Creating a lean and green business system: techniques for improving profits and sustainability. CRC Press.

Supply Chain of Apple-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Critically analyse the challenges Apple face in managing their global supply chain? Answer: Introduction: Supply chain management forms the base of the productivity of multinational companies, their revenue generation and consequent market leadership. Supply chains have become empirical to the competitive advantages companies enjoy in the global market. The supply chains the MNCs maintain also pose certain challenges to their user companies. The assignment would view the challenges posed by the supply chains through the lenses of Apple, the leader in the IT industry. The paper would also delve into the importance and hardships the companies face in strategic sourcing of raw materials and their expectations from the suppliers. The discussion with proceed on these three topics with Apple as the substratum. Supply chain challenges Apple Inc faces: Apple owing to its high-end and diverse product line has to face several challenges while operating in the global market: Competition from other multinational companies: The greatest challenge which Apple faces as far as supply chain in concerned is competition from other multinational companies. The product line of Apple consists of smart phones, Mac, music applications and hardwares, Ipads, TV app, smart watches and accessories. This means the company competes with multinational companies like Samsung and LG in terms of smart phones and smart watches, Google in terms of TV apps and Microsoft in case of Mac OS. The company in order to maintain high quality of these products and meet the demands of the upper class customers, its main customer segments, has to compete with these MNCs to get best quality hardware and software for its products. Moreover, the main operations of the company is concentrated in North America while Asian market is experiencing rapid rise in demand for products like smart phones and smart watches. The suppliers in the Asian market prefer supplying materials to Asian manufacturers like Samsung and Sony. Hence, it can be pointe d out that Apple faces stiff challenge in gaining the high quality raw materials for its products. Dependence on competitors: The second supply challenge which Apple faces in the global market is its dependence on competitors like Samsung for raw materials. Samsung is the largest manufacturer of electronic components like chips and batteries used in the electronic gadgets like smart phones. The company also supplies Apple with various components for its high end devices. Thus, Apple becomes dependence on its toughest competitor, Samsung for components for its products (samsung.com, 2018). This would give Samsung the power to control the product strategies and business operations of Apple indirectly. This heavy dependence on competitors is a big threat because it can pose serious threats to its productivity. For example, Apple often enters into legal disputes with its competitors and suppliers like Samsung over product features (usatoday.com, 2018). These disputes breach the relationship between the two companies which ultimately hampers the productivity of Apple since is former is dependent on the latter co mpanies for the components for its parts. Shipping challenges: Apple faces shipping challenges in its supply chain owing to macroeconomic influences over which the company has no control. Apple acquires components from selected number of suppliers spread all over the world. The company has also spread its supply and manufacturing operations into Asian nations like China to tap the markets growing profitability. The company is increasing depending on these overseas units for its supply of parts and manufacturing of its finished products. The differences in laws pertaining of crucial areas like manufacturing, shipping and labour in these countries pose serious threats to the productivity of the company. For example, it often takes months to get clearance to ship supply of components from China to the US manufacturing facilities. Again, riots and other political disturbances in the foreign markets from where Apple sources its supply of components pose serious threats to its continuous supply of raw materials and production of finished goods (firstp ost.com, 2018). This shows that shipping challenges stemming of political and other macro economical influences pose serious supply challenge to Apple. Sustainability issues of supplies: As pointed above, Apple is dependent on a limited number of suppliers for its supply of components. The suppliers of the company are spread all over the globe like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company manufactures the processors for Apple. Again, it obtains a large proportion of its components from local suppliers like China. These supplying companies are themselves coming under pressure like cost cutting and enforcement of sustainable production of parts. The governments of supplying countries like China today necessitate these companies to pay environmental taxes which add to their cost of production of parts they supply to Apple (xinhuanet.com, 2018). Thus, Apple has to acquire supply of raw materials at high prices which in turn adds to its own cost of production of its finished products. These financial sustainability issues faced by the suppliers often result them in supplying less amount of supplies to the company which in turn impacts productivity products (forbes.com, 2018). This fall in productivity results in delayed supply of finished products to the retailers and distributors, which are already reeling under increased expenditures just like the supplying companies. Thus, sustainability of the supply chains is one of the biggest challenges Apple faces while operating in the market. This issue is so serious that it has breached the markets goodwill of Apple as customers complain due to delay in supply of finished (fortune.com, 2018). Benefits and limitations of sourcing strategies and their application in Apple: Strategic sourcing has several advantages and limitations to the companies, especially MNCs like Apple whose supply chains spreads across continents. Advantages: The following are the advantages of strategic sourcing particularly in case of companies like Apple: Cost savings: The strategic sourcing enable companies to curtail their costs of acquiring raw materials and their overall cost of production. The companies like Apple have to acquire their components from various countries having different market conditions like tax rates. Thus factors adds to the cost of acquiring raw materials which adds to the cost of production. These factors impacts the production of finished products in the company which ultimately culminates in delay in supply of finished products to customers (bloomberg.com, 2018). This delay in supply of raw materials often result in loss of customers to its competitors and reduces the revenue generation of the company. This fall in revenue generation also impacts the capital generation of Apple as show in its share index below. Strategic management of sourcing of its main components would enable Apple to plan its sourcing according to the various parameters like costs. For example, Apple can source components from Europe for its American manufacturing facilities while for the Asian market it can source components from China or Taiwan (Brindley, 2017). Thus strategic sourcing would enable the company to reduce cost of sourcing of raw materials which would in turn reduce its cost of production, thus increasing its profit margin. Figure 1. Figure showing stock index of Apple Inc. (Source: nasdaq.com, 2018) Alignment of sourcing with business targets: Strategic sourcing of raw materials would enable Apple to align its sourcing of components with its business targets. The apex management of company today plan the ordering of materials as per the demand forecast of finished products. This means they order appropriate quantity of raw materials using methods like economic order quantity from suppliers which ensures smooth production (Nia, Far Niaki, 2014). Moreover, ordering appropriate raw materials prevents the companies from holding huge amount of inventory. This ensures liquidity of the current assets of companies which they can channelize to address other business needs. Again, the companies like Apple do not have to hold immense amount of finished goods which again ensures liquidity of capital and reduction of warehousing expenses. Apple can as a result make finished products available to customers which generates huge revenue. This analysis shows that the strategic sourcing enables MNCs like Apple align their sourcing of mater ials with their business targets like high revenue generation (ft.com, 2018). Limitations of strategic sourcing: Strategic sourcing of raw materials and components have following limitations: Delays decision making: Strategic sourcing requires companies align their acquisition of raw materials with their business decisions like demand forecast of finished goods which delays decision making. MNCs like Apple have tall organisational structure which delays decision making. For example, the organisational structure of Apple shows that the company has no specific person delegated to supervise sourcing of raw materials from specific markets at the apex level, which is the main criterion of strategic sourcing (apple.com, 2018). This delays decision-making regarding sourcing of components which results in loss of productivity and business opportunities. These loss of business opportunities add to losses of the companies. Thus, strategic sourcing apparently aligns sourcing raw materials and reduces costs but in reality tall structure and delay in decisions making adds to business losses to the company. Complicated process adds to the costs of operations: Strategic sourcing involves multiplicity of documentation, legal complications and results in surges in the costs of operations. Multinational companies align their sourcing of raw materials from different markets to the business strategies formed by the apex management. This requires the apex management to gain information about the market conditions in various countries like China and Taiwan (Stadtler, 2015). This prolongs the time required to source raw materials from these countries which delays actual sourcing of components, delays productivity and results in business losses. Moreover, if raw materials are sourced by the headquarters of Apple in the US from sourcing countries like China and Spain, it would involve legal complications and increase in costs due to involvement of two countries (the US and the raw materials supplying country) as well. However, if the branch offices do the sourcing, it would save legal complications, reduce multiplicity of documents and save costs. F or example, if the European subsidiaries of Apple sources raw materials from the European markets, they would be able to avail rebate due to the EU rates between the European nations. Thus, sourcing of raw by headquarters using strategic sourcing increases the complications and costs to acquire the raw materials (Seidel et al., 2015). Performance objectives suppliers of Apple are expected to meet: Multinational companies expect their suppliers to meet the following objectives while operating in the markets and provide them with raw materials: High quality raw materials: The multinational companies expect their suppliers to provide them with high quality raw materials. For example, Apple expects suppliers of its components to provide it with high quality electronic goods components and software. One of the product strategies of Apple is to produce limited number of high quality products to upper class customers and maintain leadership in the market. This means that the company needs to source high quality components from its suppliers. The company requires its suppliers to provide it with high quality components in conformity with its central quality standards (Chan, Pun Selden, 2016). Ethical business behaviour: The suppliers are expected to aim to operate in ethical manner while operating in the market. The suppliers are expected to abstain from using unethical means like discrimination among their employees on basis of gender and use of child labour while operating in the market (apple.com, 2018). Conclusion: One can sum up from the discussion that strategic management of supply chains bear great importance to companies. However, global supply chains cannot be controlled efficiently from the headquarters of the companies alone. The companies must delegate power to their branch offices to take decisions regarding supply chain management. The aim of the companies while controlling their supply chain management should be sourcing of quality raw materials to enable production of high quality finished products which are able to meet the expectations of the customers. The companies should ensure that they control their supply to ensure maintaining just the correct amount of stock of raw materials and finished goods. They must also ensure that their suppliers not only supply them with high quality materials but also operate ethically in the market. The companies like Apple must impose ethical obligations on their suppliers to enforce ethical business conduct. References: Apple Inc. (AAPL) Stock Chart. (2018).NASDAQ.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/aapl/stock-chart Apple Leadership. (2018).Apple. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.apple.com/leadership/ Apple Swallowed a Fly. (2018).bloomberg.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-10-23/apple-losing-its-supply-chain-mojo-is-a-major-threat' Asgary, N., Li, G. (2016). Corporate social responsibility: Its economic impact and link to the bullwhip effect.Journal of Business Ethics,135(4), 665-681. Big Tech Has the Supply Chain Blues. (2018).Fortune. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://fortune.com/2016/12/21/big-tech-has-the-supply-chain-blues/ Brindley, C. (Ed.). (2017).Supply chain risk. Taylor Francis. Chan, J., Pun, N., Selden, M. (2016). Apple, Foxconn, and Chinas new working class. ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press. China starts collecting environment tax - Xinhua | English.news.cn. (2018).Xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/01/c_136865174.htm Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., Davarzani, H. (2015). Green supply chain management: A review and bibliometric analysis.International Journal of Production Economics,162, 101-114. 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