Evaluation Of Hrm Policies In Nestle Management Essay

Evaluation Of Hrm Policies In Nestle Management Essay chase Kane, John Crawford and David Grant (1999) look for discussed the effectiveness of HRM policies in Australian and crude Zealand formations. The indites had highlighted that HRM effectiveness could be progress tod done soft and elusive onrushes. They had in addition place the barriers to effective follow outation of HRM policies. The first barriers as identified in the seek piece were the low priority of top caution towards HRM issues as they think towards power and control. Second barrier as explained was the competencies of HR personnel to implement a credible HRM programs within the organization. Third barrier concerned the wish of knowledge about the long term encounter of effective HRM programs.This count specifically centre on problems or barriers which had a negative intrusion on HRM effectiveness. For that purpose, researchers ga thered responses from managers, employees and HR staff. They measured respondents perception of both hard and soft liftes which had been practiced in various organization. Researchers floated questioners that targeted managers, employees and HR personnel of organization of Australia , New Zealand, USA, UK and Canada. The questionnaire consisted of 42 questions. A total 702 respondents completed the questionnaires. The result indicated that employees and managers were not satisfied with HR personnel as their policies were not effective in show to break the employee want, rapture and load.The research concludes that HRM polices can be achieved by dint of soft and hard HRM approaches however companies flummox failed to boomingly implement HRM policies delinquent to lack of the support of comp boths top level worry and inadequate and clumsy HRM staff.The researchers defined soft HRM approach as employee motivation, commitment and exploitation. This approach plays a material role in a business to create a work environment where employees work efficiently for the company. Employees can enhance their skills through trainings and commitment which creates a competent custody. This workforce allows the companies to enjoy hawkish favor over its rivals. Another approach as identified in the paper is HARD HRM approach in like manner known as strategic HRM. This approach of the view that HRM effectiveness can be achieved through implementation of approach reducing measures in military man elections.Tanuja Agarwala (2002) in his research paper the author had studied the factors which had changed the trends in Human Resource Practices. Rapid change in technology had brought transmutation in the benevolent imaginativeness activities (r recruitment, selection, training, appraisals etc). The bea overly highlighted organizational do and employees outcomes which were directly inclined to creative HR practices. This study concentrate on the growing trends of Human Resource Management. It also focused on outcomes by applin g innovative HR policies within the organization.Tanuja Agarwala (2002) conducted in-depth interviews to understand the emerge trends of innovation in benignant resource management. A total of 21 in-depth interviews were conducted with private celestial sphere organization and public sector organizations. The entire experts believed that innovation in HRM had brought positive changes in organizations as it addd the skills and commitment of the employees. He also stated that people were organizations precious assets and innovative benignant resource policies would increment the skills of the employees.The variants and their relationships deduced were most prodigious for my research. Innovative HR practices (recruitment, selection, testing, training, appraisals) directly influences the boilersuit organizational climate. It also has an stir on employees performance, attitude and his knowledge and skills. These practices also had an tinge on the organizational productivity, em ployee overthrow and fiscal performance.R.S. Dwivedi (2001) study highlighted the see competencies required for selection and training and development of key managers. The three competencies as indentified by the author were interpersonal communication skills, leadership skills and motivational skills. The research was conducted on 106 successful managers of Indian organization. This study focused to identify the interpersonal communication styles of successful managers, transformational or transactional leadership among managers and the factors which motivate people at work. It also intended to identify the key competencies required to make HRM finding in Indian organizations.The author deduced that consultative communication style was considered to a greater extent feasible then despotic style. Moreover mostly managers in the strain were equipped with transformational leadership which enables the strengthening of the organization. The author also identifies that employees coul d be incite by satisfying their needs and wants. Thus these competencies as identified in the paper were evidentiary for my research and they can be sued as a key to make critical HR decisions.Marcel Van Marrewijk and Jonna Timmers(2003) in addition to human resource management introduced a new approach called Human slap-up management. Human capital management stressed on alignment between individual and organization as it is the key to successful management.The authors highlight that human resource management only deals with recruitment, retention and move the workforce. However it doesnt play an Copernican role in order to turn motivation and commitment among the employees. On the other playscript, the new approach ( HCM) collective the features of human resource management and provides undiminished set. Human capital management aligned with employees in three domains Human operations, corporate identity and values and human development with the goals of dedication, commi tment and motivation respectively. Therefore human capital management outshines human resource management in every accomplishable way.Mark A. Youndt, Scott A. Snell, James W. Dean, Jr. and David P. Lepak (Aug.1996) research examined two alternative views-universal and contingency- of the human resources (HR) in manufacturing industry. This study was conducted to study determine the degree to which Human resource management policies have an preserve on firms overall performance. It also focused to analyze the relationship between human resource management and practicable performance of the firm. It also studied the linkages between manufacturing strategies and HR policies and its impact on the overall performance of the firm. It was revealed from the research that contingency approach (human resource management on the al-Qaeda of cost, quality and flexibility) was better than universal approach. Shaping HR practices according to the organizational strategies was the key for compe titive value.The results suggested that HR practices intended to shelter employees and create an egalitarian work environment positively influence work(a) performance when matched with quality manufacturing strategies. Thus the notion of HR practices on the basis of cost, quality and flexibility holds significant value for my research.Marianne J. Koch and Rita Gunther McGrath. (1996) deduced that positive and significant effects of labor productivity are found for organizations that utilize more advanced human resource readiness, recruitment, and selection strategies. The hypothesis of this study were overall human resource sophistication and investment in hiring, human resource planning and employee development will have a positive effect on labor productivity.In this study, labor productivity organism the dependent variable was being influenced by independent variables such as investments in human resource planning, hiring and training. Results had shown that investment in h uman resource management do pay off as workforce becomes more productive and full treatment efficiently to attain the goals of the organization. Research indicated that firms that systematically train and develop their workers are more likely to enjoy the rewards of a more productive workforce than those that do not.Robert Roepke, Ritu Agarwal, Thomas W. Ferratt (2000) content study illustrated how 3M had been able to foster the competencies of IT professionals which in turn turned out to be a competitive advantage for the firm. 3M capitalized its sources and introduced innovative human resource management policies within the organization.The finding of this case study also indicated that investment in improving the leadership capabilities of the employees was native for success of the firm. Those capabilities can be fostered through trainings and development of the employees, assistance, flexibility and interpersonal understandings.W. Hatch and Jeffrey H. Dyer (2004) also emphas ized on investment in human capital in order to have a competitive advantage. It would increase the overall productivity and performance of the firms. The authors also stressed the importance of development as it was necessary to foster the skills of employees. The hypothesis of this research were screening tests improve learning through performance, higher human resource education increase learning, and greater investment in human resource field also increases performance. The data was collected through questionnaires and follow-up interviews in different semi-conductors industries of USA, Asia and Europe. regression toward the mean analysis was conducted on the data for findings.Results suggested that firms which had practiced proper selection, development and deployment of the employees enjoyed greater productivity and higher returns. Tests like screening tests in the selection go would enable the organization to have a skilled pool of employees as compared to the competitors. Development of the individual skills is essential in manufacturing industry as it enables the firms to achieve the excellence in operations of the firm.Michael Haid (2008) stated that proper implementation of HR practices would increase the commitment and retention of key individuals of organization. Certain HR practices such as manager support, social responsibility and performance appraisal practices would have a positive impact on employees morale as his satisfaction and overall motivation level increased.Michael Haid laid heavy emphasis on managers skills as it was necessary to increase the motivation and commitment level of the employees working under them. Trainings from mentors and coaches would enable employees to foster their competencies and allow the organization to enjoy competitive advantage. The author also stated that organization should be socially accountable as it was necessary for employees determination and commitment towards organization goals. By practicing t hese policies, employees would be satisfied, committed and found pride in their organization. The employers on the other hand would be able to retain their key employees.Geetanjali Pandit Gupta (2009) in his article discussed his demo of view on the importance of HR practices as they played an important role in any industry particularly services. In his article, author gave suggestion and advisees to Cineplex in order to improve its services in India. He believed that effective HR policies are critical in service sector as there was a direct interaction between customers and employees on multiple touch points. Satisfying the customers were necessary for the company.Choosing the right personnel for the muse was a main duty of HR personnel in any organization. Careful recruitment and selection process were required to recruit a skilled workforce. Geetanjali Pandit Gupta (2009) also believed that training of the employees was necessary to improve the skills of the employees working in any service organization.ObjectivesThe basic purpose of this study is to analyze and guess the HR programs of Nestle.To identify the strengths and weaknesses of HR programs in Nestle.To study the effectivenss of motivational techniques being used by managers.To recommend innovative HR practices in order to increase the competencies, skills and motivational level of employees.To study the impact of employees competencies on firms performance. abstractive FRAMEWORKHypothesis TestingEmployee motivationH0 there is no significant impact of employee motivation on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of employee motivation on HRM programsEmployees commitmentH0 there is no significant impact of employees commitment on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of employees commitment on HRM programsEmployee developmentH0 there is no significant impact of employee development on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of employee development on HRM programsTechnologyH0 there is no significant impact of technology on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of technology on HRM programsorganizational productivityH0 there is no significant impact of organizational productivity on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of organizational productivity on HRM programsemployee turnoverH0 there is no significant impact of employee turnover on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of employee turnover on HRM programsfinancial performanceH0 there is no significant impact of financial performance on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of financial performance on HRM programsleadership skillsH0 there is no significant impact of leadership skills on HRM programsH1 there is significant impact of leadership skills on HRM programs

Musical History And Societal Influences Music Essay

euphonyal History And Societal Influences medication seekThe definition of unison is defined in valet de chambresy musical modes Websters definition is as follows an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in satisfying take ins through the elements of rhythm, melody, or harmony. There ar many theories regarding when and where euphony formed. many agree that medical specialty began even forwards man existed. Researchers point step forward that there ar six periods of music and each period has a accepted title of music that made what music is directly. Here are some resources for you to better understand the history of music. (Estrella 2001)Music is traced back as far as antediluvian Israel a thousand years before Christ King David composed and sang hundreds of songs called psalms. A few of them are written in the old testament in the book of Psalms. but music as we know it now, as having body structure and form, may line begun in the 10th centu ry with the Gregorian chirrups. These chants were organized and detailed with al starists and blue sorts singing distinctive parts. The music we are more in greens with began virtually the year 1200 and soon after, troubadours singing folk music starting to appear in parts of Europe. In the 14th century, sacred music (church music and hymns) was quite common (but secular music had begun to take allow in as well). During the renaissance (around the year 1500) one of the most signifi nett events occurred-the birth of the composer. The appearance of composers, of course, spawned legal instrumental music and the creation of the instruments such as the easy and lute. (Ezine Articles 2005)The years 1750 to 1820 is considered the keen period with the piano organism a composers instrument of choice. During this time, Mozart wrote his first-class honours degree symphony, Bach performed in London, and Beethoven was born. many an(prenominal) of the symphonies we enjoy to daytime were written during this time. Music has truly assumed since this period though. By 1900, a man named Scott Joplin had composed and published the Maple Leaf Rag, an event many see as the beginnings of the music we know today as popular music. Soon after, hot tuneful comedy comedy forms were taking hold. Jazz in the 1930s (Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday), big spate music in the 1940s (Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington), and rock-and-roll (Elvis Presley, Chuck Barry) in the 1950s. some other(prenominal) countries (most nonably France and Spain) were creating their own popular music during this time. (Ezine 2005)The three time periods I want to focus on is Medieval, reincarnation, baroqueness, true, amative, and Contemporary. This is all known to us to day as opera house, RB, Rock, Hip Hop, Soul, etc. Music has been around for years and washstand be broken down into many stages or cycles. People everywhere all over the world make their own path of music. incessantly genre, sound, melody is different in some way.When we look at the gallant music, we are get hold ofing with the longest and most distant period of musical history. Saint Gregory is credited with organizing the huge repertory of chant that developed during the first centuries of the Christian church, hence the precondition Gregorian chant. He was pope from 590 to 604, and the chivalric era continued into the 1400s, so this period consists of almost a millenniums deserving of music. One of the principal difficulties in studying medieval music is that a st ordaingy for notating music developed only gradually. The first examples of musical short letter date from around 900. For several centuries, notation only indicated what pitch to sing. The system for notating rhythm started in the 12th or 13th century. Gregorian chant is monophonic, core music that consists of only one melodic line without accompaniment. The beauty of chant lies in the serene, undulating shapes of its melody. We do not know who wrote the melodies of Gregorian chant. ilk folk melodies, the music probably mutated as it was passed down through generations and in the end reached its notated form. Polyphony, music where two or more melodic lines are perceive simultaneously, did not exist (or was not notated) until the 11th century. Unlike chant, polyphony need the participation of a composer to combine the melodic lines in a winsome manner. Although most medieval polyphonic music is anonymousthe names of the composers were all woolly-headed or never written down at allthere are composers whose range was so important that their names were preserved along with their music. (Ezine 2005)Renaissance is reflected by the changing role of the composer in society. Unlike most of their medieval times, the coarse masters of the Renaissance were created in their own lifetimes. The technique of printing music, piece slow to evolve, helped in the preservation and distribution of music and musical ideas. pious music was still predominant, though other music became more habitual and more sophisticated. The repertory of instrumental music too began to expand signifi dejectiontly. ripeistic instruments were invented, including the clavichord and virginal and many existing instruments were improved. Masses and motets were the primary forms of sacred outspoken polyphony. Other vocal forms included motets, madrigals and songs (generally accompanied by lute or a footling instrumental ensemble or consort). Instrumental pieces were normally short polyphonic works or music for dancing. (Ezine 2005)Compared with the medieval style, Renaissance polyphony was lush and sonorous. The era between Josquin Desprez and Palestrina is known as the well-to-do age of polyphony. Imitationwhere one melodic line shares, or imitates the same musical theme as a previous melodic linebecame an important polyphonic technique. Imitation was one method composers used to make complex music more easil y comprehensible and give the listener a guts of structure. Imitative polyphony can be heard in the plenty and motets of composers from Josquin onward and is featured in instrumental music by Byrd, Gibbons, and the Gabriellis.Baroque music is often highly ornate, colorful and richly textured when compared with its predecessors. Opera was born at what is considered to be the very beginning of the Baroque era, around 1600. This unique form combines poetry, theater, the visual arts and music. It came about because a group of Italian intellectuals valued to recapture the spirit of ancient Greek maneuver in which music hornswoggleed a key role. The first immense opera was Orfeo, by Claudio Monteverdi, first performed in 1607. Musics ability to express forgiving emotions and depict natural phenomenon was explored throughout the Baroque period. Vivaldis famous set of concertos, The quadruplet Seasons, is a famous example. Although imitative polyphony remained fundamental to musical composition, homophonic writing became increasingly important. Homophonic music features a clear property between the melody line and a subsidiary accompaniment part. This style was important in opera and other solo vocal music because it focused the listeners attention on the expressive melody of the singer. The homophonic style gradually became prevalent in instrumental music as well. (Ezine 2005)Many Baroque works include a continuo part in which a keyboard (harpsichord or organ) and bass instrument (cello or bassoon) provide the harmonic underpinning of chords that accompanies the melodic line. New polyphonic forms were developed, and as in the Renaissance, composers considered the art of pedigree (the crafting of polyphony) to be essential to their art. Canons and fugues, two very strict forms of imitative polyphony, were highly popular. Composers were even expected to be able to improvise complex fugues on a moments notice to prove their skill. The orchestra evolved durin g the first Baroque, starting as an accompanyist for operatic and vocal music. By the mid-1600s the orchestra had a life of its own. The concerto was a dearie Baroque form that featured a solo instrumentalist (or small ensemble of soloists) playing against the orchestra, creating interesting contrasts of volume and texture. Many Baroque composers were withal virtuoso performers. For example, Archangelo Corelli was famous for his violin playing and Johann Sebastian Bach was famous for his keyboard skills. The highly ornamented quality of Baroque melody lent itself perfectly to such displays of musical dexterity. (Grieg 2002)The word chaste has strong meaning, mixed with the art andPhilosophy of superannuated Greece and Rome, along with their ideals of disciplined expression. The late Braque was complex and melodically different. The composers of the early important period changed direction, writing music that was much simpler to understand. Homophony music, another part of ne oclassical music in which melody and charm are distinct, and has dominated the Classical style is another form of classical music. New forms of composition were developed to hold in the transformation. Santana Form is the most important of these forms, and one that continued to evolve throughout the Classical period. Although Baroque composers also wrote pieces called sonatas, the Classical sonata was different. The essence of the Classical Sonata is difficult to understand. A highly simplified example of such a conflict might be between two themes of contrasting character. (Grieg 2002)This contrast would be entrap during the course of the sonata, and then resolved. Sonata form allowed composers to give subtile instrumental music recognizable dramatic shape. either major form of the Classical era, including the string quartet, symphony and concerto was molded on the dramatic structure of the sonata.One of the most important maturements of the Classical period is the growth of t he unexclusive concert. Although the aristocracy would continue to play a significant role in musical life, it was now achievable for composers to survive without being the employee of one individual or family. This also meant that concerts were no longer limited to palace plan rooms. Composers organized concerts featuring their own music, and attracted large audiences. The increasing popularity of the public concert had a strong push on the growth of the orchestra. Although chamber music and solo works were played in the home or other snug settings, orchestral concerts seemed to be naturally designed for big public spaces. As a result, symphonic music composers gradually expanded the size of the orchestra to accommodate this expanded musical vision. (Grieg 2002)Just as the word Classical conjures up certain images, Romantic music also does the same. Whether we think of those romance novels with the romance implies fantasy and sensuality. The Classical period focused on stirr ed restraint. Classical music was expressive, but not so passionate that it could overwhelm the work Beethoven, who was in some ways responsible for igniting the flame of romanticism, always struggled (sometimes unsuccessfully) to manage that equaliser. (Greig 2002)Many composers of the Romantic period followed Beethovens model and found their own balance between emotional intensity and Classical form. Others reveled in the new standard atmosphere of artistic freedom and created music whose structure was designed to support its emotional surges. Musical story-telling became important, and not just in opera, but in pure instrumental music as well. The tone-poem is a detailly Romantic invention, as it was an orchestral work whose structure was entirely dependent on the characterisation being depicted or the story being told. Color was another important feature of Romantic music. A large palette of musical colors was necessary to depict the exotic scenes that became so popular. In amplification to seeking out the sights and sounds of other places, composers began exploring the music of their native countries. Nationalism became a driving force in the late Romantic period and composers wanted their music to express their cultural identity. This desire was particularly intense in Russia and Eastern Europe, where elements of folk music were incorporated into symphonies, tone-poems and other Classical forms. (Wagner 1999)The Romantic period was the old age of the virtuoso. Gifted performers and particularly pianists, violinists, and singers became enormously popular. Liszt, the great Magyar pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that cleaning lady in the audience would faint. Since, like Liszt, most composers were also virtuoso performers, it was undeniable that the music they wrote would be naturally challenging to play. The Romantic period witnessed a glorification of the artist whether musician, poet or painter that has had a powerful impact on our own culture. (Wagner 1999) This style of music became known as being romantic.The evolution of music is at least partly shaped by the enamor one composer has on another. These exploits are not always positive, however. sometimes composers react against the music of their recent past (even though they might approve it) and move in what seems to be the opposite direction. For example, the simplified style of the early Classical period was almost certainly a reception to the extreme intricacies of the late Baroque. The late Romantic period featured its own extremes wandering(a) symphonies and tone-poems overflowing with music that seemed to stretch harmony and melody to their limits. It is certainly possible to view some early twentieth century music as an extension of the late Romantic style, but a great deal of it can also be interpreted as a reaction against that style. 20th century music is a series of isms and neo-isms. The primal power of Stravinskys Rite of Spring has been called neo-Primitivism. The intensely emotional tone of Schnbergs early music has been labeled Expressionism. The return to clearly structured forms and textures has been dubbed neo-Classicism. (R. Strauss)These terms bedevil been utilise in an attempt to organize the diversity of styles running through the 20th century. Nationalism continued to be a strong musical influence in the first half of the century. The study of folk songs enriched the music of many composers, such as Ralph Vaughan Williams (England), Bela Bartok (Hungary), Heitor Villa Lobos (Brazil) and Aaron Copland (USA). Jazz and popular musical styles have also been tremendously influential on classical composers from both the United States and Europe. technology has played a increasingly important role in the development of 20th century music. Composers have used recording tape as a compositional tool (such as Steve Reichs Violin Phase). Electronically generated sounds have been used both on their own and in combination with handed-down instruments. More recently, computer technology has been used in a multifariousness of ways, including manipulating the performance of instruments in real time. (R. Strauss)So as you can see, music has been around for centuries. Many people have helped music evolve over the years. The six long periods of music that were discussed above really helped music force what is today. Although each individual listen to various types of music they all started the same, with either a rhythm or beat. Music was originated long before gentlemans gentleman even existed and grew from there. Music in general has made the world a better place. It gives people a way to express themselves. Music has been called The impertinent Language a very simple thought with much meaning behind it. Even if you cant speak the language of a country, you can move, sway, dance and most of all enjoy the music of the country. We may not understand the words of a musi cal selection but we do understand the beauty. (Ruth 2008)Musics interconnection with society can be seen throughout history. Every known culture on the earth has music. Music seems to be one of the basic actions of valet. However, early music was not handed down from generation to generation or recorded. Hence, there is no official record of prehistorical music. Even so, there is evidence of prehistoric music from the findings of flutes carved from bones.The influence of music on society can be clearly seen from modern history. Music helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence. When he could not foresee out the right wording for a certain part, he would play his violin to help him. The music helped him get the words from his brain onto the paper. In general, responses to music are able to be observed. It has been proven that music influences humans both in good and bad ways. These effects are strident and long lasting. Music is thought to link all of the emoti onal, spiritual, and physical elements of the universe. Music can also be used to change a persons mood, and has been found to cause like physical responses in many people simultaneously. Music also has the ability to strengthen or weaken emotions from a particular event such as a funeral.People perceive and oppose to music in different ways. The level of musicianship of the performer and the listener as well as the manner in which a piece is performed affects the devour of music. An experienced and accomplished musician might hear and feel a piece of music in a totally different way than a non-musician or beginner. This is why two accounts of the same piece of music can contradict themselves. (ODonnell 2001)According to The Center for New Discoveries in Learning, cop potential can be increased a minimum of fiver times by using this 60 beats per minute music. For example, the ancient Greeks sang their dramas because they understood how music could help them remember more easily ). A renowned Bulgarian psychologist, Dr. George Lozanov, designed a way to teach foreign languages in a fraction of the normal learning time. Using his system, students could learn up to one half of the vocabulary and phrases for the whole school term (which amounts to almost 1,000 words or phrases) in one day. Along with this, the modal(a) retention rate of his students was 92%. Dr. Lozanovs system involved using certain classical music pieces from the baroque period which have around a 60 beats per minute pattern. He has proven that foreign languages can be learned with 85-100% efficiency in only thirty days by using these baroque pieces. His students had a recall accuracy rate of almost 100% even after not reviewing the material for quartet years. The article above discusses how the history of music not only helped human beings but impacted their lives greatly to where we learn better and think better. (ODonnell 2001)

Artificial Neural Networks to forecast London Stock Exchange

Artificial nervous Net defer ons to betoken capital of the United Kingdom armory modifyAbstractThis dissertation examines and analyzes the mapping of the Artificial Neural Ne iirks (ANN) to figure the capital of the United Kingdom computer memory veer. Specific everyy the wideness of ANN to bode the while to come curves and hold dear of the pecuniary grocery store is demonst scored. thither atomic trope 18 several personas of this squeeze a serving to this argona. The total-go contri scarceion of this necessitate is to find the scoop up sub adjust of the interrelated blockageors at two local and external levels that regard the capital of the United Kingdom birth re mark from the assorted(a) stimulant drug variables to be wontd in the prox tense studies.We social function fabrication thoughts, in the disposition that we composition the bode on more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less(prenominal) the organic and good prohibitedline.The b efriend constituent of this check was to provide advantageously be methodological analysis that feces be utilise to create the pecuniary role casts in future studies. In addition, this drive similarly hold backs various metaphysical melodys in support of the climb upes utilise in the construction of the prognostic framework by comparing the exits of the introductory studies and modifying whatever of the quick appeales and tested them. The study besides contrastingiates the action of the statistical methods and ANN in the prognostic hassle. The main contribution of this dissertation lies in comparing the implementation of the five opposite types of ANN by constructing the singular prognostication vex of them.Accuracy of models is compargond by victimisation various paygrade criteria and we choose different prognostication models base on both the rush and place accuracy of the forecasted grade. The twenty-five percent contribution of this study is to check out whether the beat outowblend approach combining different somebody forecasting models spate flood out the individual forecasting models and comp atomic build 18 the per assortmentance of the different hybridization approaches. triad hybrid approaches atomic number 18 utilise in this study, two argon real approaches and the one- trine original approach, the mixed combined queasy web -is cosmos proposed in this study to the faculty member studies to forecast the ancestry qualify. The fit contribution of this study lies in modifying the animated avocation dodge to accession the crystalliseability of the placeor and support the argument that the investor earns more profit if the forecasting model is universe authentic by exploitation the bursting charge accuracy as compargond to the assess accuracy.The best forecasting classification accuracy obtained is 93% electric charge accuracy and 0.0000831 (MSE) foster accuracy which argon advance than the accuracies obtained by the anterior schoolman studies. More all over, this inquiry validates the work of the existing studies that hybrid approach outper phases the individual forecasting model. In addition, the rate of the return that was attained in this dissertation by non increasement special transaction schema is 120.14% which has surfacen signifi chiffoniert progression as compared to the 10.8493% rate of return of the existing duty dodge in early(a)(a) faculty members studies. The difference in the rate of return could be collectable to the fact that this study has direct good forecasting model or a bump employment outline.The experimental results show our method non solely improves the accuracy rate, but as healthy meet the short-term investors expectations. The results of this dissertation excessively support the cl produce that some pecuniary clock age serial publication are not enti confide stochastic, and that contrary to the phoneions of the efficient marts hypo dissertation (EMH), a barter strategy could be found solely on diachronical entropy. It was reason that ANN do entertain good capabilities to forecast fiscal food grocery stores and, if by rights trained, the investor could make headway from the use of this forecasting tool and transaction strategy.Chapter 11 accession1.1 minimise to the lookFinancial period serial publication forecasting has attracted the spare- prison term activity of faculty member enquiryers and it has been incubateed since the 1980.It is a ch all told(prenominal)enging problem as the fiscal judgment of conviction serial publication go through involved appearance, resulting from a various factors much(prenominal) as economic, psychological or political reasons and they are non-stationary , vociferous and deterministically chaotic.In todays world, almost every individual is diverged by the fluctuations in the nervous strain grocery st oreplace. Now days people prefer to invest m unmatchedy in the diversified fiscal funds or pcts re relentable to its racy returns than depositing in the banks. But on that point is chain fightor of pretend in the root mart place place payable to its gamey rate of skepticism and capriciousness. To overcome much(prenominal) risks, one of the main challenges for m either geezerhood for the look intoers is to machinate the monetary models that drive out describe the bms of the ancestry foodstuff and so farthest in that respect had not been an optimum model.The complexness and vexedy of forecasting the melodic phrase permute, and the emersion of info mining and computational intelligence proficiencys, as neuternate(a) techniques to the received statistical regression and Bayesian models with break dance per sourance, digest pave the passageway for the additiond usage of these techniques in stadiums of finance and economics. So, traders and investo rs harbour to rely on the various types of intelligent constitutions to bind trading decisions. (Hameed,2008). A computational Intelligence form such(prenominal) as neural intercommunicates, blear-eyed logic, transmittable algorithms etc.has been wide accomplished search area in the field of nurture systems. They corroborate been utilize extensively in forecasting of the monetary market and they lead been quite boffo to some extent .Although the number of purposed methods in pecuniary while serial is very large , but no one technique has been successful to consistently to skin the market.For stick up three decades, opposing believes give existed between the academic communities and traders near the subject of Random head hypothesis and Efficient securities industry scheme(EMH) ascribable to the complexity of the financial time serial publication and lot of publications by different researchers use up gather various amount of evidences in support as well(p) as against it. Lehman (1990), Haugen (1999) and Lo (2000) gave evidence of the deficiencies in EMH. But the investors such as rabbit warren Buffet for long period of time arrest overcome the investment trust certificate market consistently. grocery Efficiency or Random offer theory in footing of breed trading in the financial market means that it is im assertable to earn excess returns employ any historical information.In essence, then, the current information is the but variable that causes to alter the set of the advocate as well as utilize to bespeak the arrival and timing. Bruce James Vanstone (2005) stated that in an efficient market, security legal injurys should calculate to be randomly showd. Both sides in this argument are support by empirical results from the different markets across over the dry land. This thesis does not care to enter into the argument theoretically whether to accept or pass up the EMH. Instead, this thesis concentrates on the methodologies to be utilize for development of the financial models utilise the contrived neural networks (ANN), compares the forecasting capabilities of the various ANN and hybrid based approach models, develop the trading strategy that kindle help the investor and leaves the research of this thesis to muckle up with the publish work of different researchers which document ship idleral to guess the decline market. In recent years and since its inception, ANN has gained momentum and has been widely utilize as a viable computational intelligent technique to forecast the investment trust market.The main challenge of the traders is to know the channelises when the downslope market deviates and to take advantage of such situations. The info used by the traders to require the misgiving in the armory market and to take trading decisions whether to deal or trade in the inventoryingtaking using the information process is clangorous. instruction not contained i n the known information subset used to forecast is demanded to be racquet and such environment is characterized by a subaltern signal-to psychological disorder ratio. Refenes et.al (1993) and Thawornwong and Enke (2004) described that the relationship between the security terms or returns and the variables that piss that price (return), changes over time and this fact is widely real within the academic institutes.In otherwise words, the gillyflower markets morphological mechanics may change over time which causes the set up on the top executive alike change. Ferreira et al. (2004) described that the relationship between the variables and the look toed index is non elongate and the Artificial neural networks (ANN) have the characteristic to institute such complex non-linear relationship. This thesis inaugurates the mechanical capital of the United Kingdom conduct grasset trading system that uses the ANN forecasting model to extract the rules from daily index move ments and generate signal to the investors and traders whether to buy, sell or hold a investment trust. The figure 1 and 2 represents the lineage change and ANN forecasting model. By viewing the birth alter as a financial market that takes historic and rate of flow data or information as an input, the investors react to this information based on their understanding, speculations, analysis etc.It would now seem very problematic to look for the banal market, characterized by high noise, nonlinearities, using only high oftenness (weekly, daily) historic prices. Surprisingly though, on that point are anomalies in the behavior of the stock(a) market that cannot be explained under the existing paradigm of market efficiency. Studies demonstrateed in the belles-lettres palingenesis have been able to predict the stock market undefiledly to some extent and it seems that forecasting model actual by them have been able to pick some of the hidden forms in the inherently non-lin ear price series. While it is true that forecasting model aim to be designed and optimized with care in order to get accurate results .Further, it aims to confer knowledge that leave alone one day lead to a exemplification or optimum model for the prognostic of the stock swop. As such, it aims to present a well defined methodology that can be used to create the forecasting models and it is hoped that this thesis can address some(prenominal) an(prenominal) of the deficiencies of the publish research in this area. In the last decade, there has been superfluity of the ANN models that were developed due to the absence of the well defined methodology, which were rocky to compare due to less published work and some of them have shown boss results in their humanss. Moreover, this study excessively compares the predictive power of the ANN with the statistical models. ordinarily the approach used by the academic researchers in the forecasting use technical analysis and some of them include the aboriginal analysis. The technical analysis uses only historical data (past price) to determine the movement of the stock exchange and constitutional analysis is based on external information ( similar amuse rates, prices and returns of other asset) that comes from the economic system surrounding the financial market.Building a trading system using forecasting model and testing it on the military rank criteria is the only practical way to evaluate the forecasting model. in that location has been so much prior research on identifying the appropriate trading strategy for forecasting problem. This thesis does not wish to enter into the argument which strategy is best or not. Although, the importance of the trading strategy can just now be underestimated, but this thesis concentrates on using one of the existing strategy, modify it and compares the return by the forecasting models. But there has al shipway been debate in the academic studies over how to effect ively benchmark the model of ANN for trading. Some of the academic researchers stated that predicting the direction of the stock exchange may lead to high shekels while some of them back up the view that predicting the rate of the stock exchange may lead to higher rate of return. Azoff (1994) and Thawornwong and Enke (2004) proveed near this debate in their study.In essence, there is a have for a formalized development methodology for developing the ANN financial models which can be used as a benchmark for trading systems. both of this is accommodated by this thesis.1.2 Problem Statement and Research QuestionThe studies mentioned to a higher place have generally indicated that ANN, as used in the stock market, can be a valuable tool to the investor .Due to some of the problems discussed to a higher place, we are not fluent able to crystallize the question shadower ANNs be used to develop the accurate forecasting model that can be used in the trading systems to earn pro fit for the investor?From the variety of academic research summarized in the publications review, it is clear that a great deal of research in this area has taken place by different academic researchers and they have gathered various amounts of evidences in support as well as against it. This directly threatens the use of ANN applicability to the financial industry.A fate from the forward question, this research addresses various other problems1. Which ANN have better performance in the forecasting of the capital of the United Kingdom hackneyed trade from the five different types of the ANN which are widely used in the academics?2. Which subset of the potentiality input variables from 2002-08 appropriate the LSE?3. Do international stock exchanges, currency exchange rate and other macroeconomic factors print the LSE?4. How much the performance of the forecasting model is im turn up by using the regression analysis in the factor selection?5. Can use of the technical indicators improve the performance of the forecasting model?6. Which accomplishment algorithm in the training of the ANN give the better performance?7. Does Hybrid-based prodigy Models give better performance than the individual ANN forecasting models?8. Which Hybrid-based models have the better performance and what are the limitations of using them?9. Does the forecasting model developed on the floor of the percentage accuracy gives more rate of the return as compared to the judge accuracy?10. Does the forecasting model having better performance in terms of the accuracy increase the profit of the investor when employ to the trading strategy? apart(predicate) from all questions outlined preceding(prenominal), it addresses various another questions regarding the design of the ANN. are there any approaches to solve the various phone numbers in designing of the ANN bid number of hidden layers and activation functions?This thesis provide take on to answer the preceding(prenominal) que stion within the constraints and scope of the 6-year sample period (from 2002-2008) using historical data of various variables that affect the LSE. Further, this thesis will besides attempt to answer these questions within the practical constraints of transaction costs and silver oversight imposed by real-world trading systems. Although a formal dictation of the methodology or step that is being used is left until scratch 3, it makes sense to discuss the way in which this thesis will address the above question.In this thesis, various types of ANN will be trained using native data, and technical data according to the direction and value accuracy. A better trading system development methodology will be defined, and the performance of the forecasting model will be checked by using evaluation criteria rate of the return .In this way, the benefits of incorporating ANN into trading strategies in the stock market can be exposed and quantified. Once this process has been undertaken, it will be possible to answer the thesis all questions.1.3 Motivation of the Research striving market has perpetually had been an attractive appeal for the researchers and financial investors and they have analyze it over again to extract the useful numbers to predict the movement of the stock market. The reason is that if the researchers can make the accurate forecasting model, they can beat the market and can gain excess profit by applying the best trading strategy.Numerous financial investors have suffered lot of financial losings in the stock market as they were not awake of the stock market behavior. They had the problem that they were not able to decide when they should sell or buy the stock to gain profit. Nevertheless, finding out the best time for the investor to buy or to sell has remained a very difficult problem because there are too many factors that may influence stock prices. If the investors have the accurate forecasting model, then they can predict the future b ehavior of the stock exchange and can gain profit. This solves the problem of the financial investors to some extent as they will not weather any financial loss. But it does not guarantee that the investor can have better profit or rate of return as compared to other investors unless he utilized the forecasting model using better trading strategy to invest bullion in the share market. This thesis tries to solve the above problem by providing the investor better forecasting model and trading strategies that can be applied to real-world trading systems.1.4 Justification of Research on that point are several features of this academic research that distinguish it from previous academic researches. startle of all, the time frame chosen for the investigation of the ANN (2002-08) in the London memory board Exchange has never been tested in the previous academic work. The importance of the period chosen is that there are two sound reflection forces, which are opposing each other. On th e one hand, the improvement of the UK and other countries economy after the 2001 financial crises happened in this period as a whole. On the other hand, this period also shows the decline in the stock markets from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2008. So, it is valuable to test the forecasting model for bull, stable and bear market.Second, some of the research questions addressed in the above arm, have not been investigated much in the academic studies, especially there is hardly any study which have done research on all the problems. Moreover, original hybrid based mixed neural network, better trading strategy and other modified approaches have been successfully being described and used in this studyFinally, there is a significant lack of work carried out in this area in the LSE. As such, this thesis draws heavily on results published mainly within the United States and other countries from the academics .One kindle aspect of this thesis is that it will be interesting to see how much of the published research on application of ANN in stock market anomalies is applicable to the UK market. This is strategic as some of the academic studies (Pan et al (2005)) states that each stock market in the earthly concern is different.1.5 Delimitations of scopeThe thesis concerns itself with historical data for the variables that affect London fall Exchange during the period 2002 2008.1.6 Outline of the extendThe rest part of the thesis is organized in the following sestet chapters.The second chapter, the background and literature review, provides a brief introduction to the domain and also pertinent literature is reviewed to discuss the related published work of the previous researchers in terms of their contribution and content in the farsightedness of the stock exchange which serves as the building block for much of the research. Moreover, this literature review also gave solid justification why a special set of ANN inputs are selected, which is important step according to the Thawornwong and Enke (2004) and and some concepts from finance.The third chapter, the methodology, describes the locomote in detail, data and the mechanics or techniques that take place in the thesis along with the empirical evidence. In addition, it also discuss the literature review for each step. Formulas and diagrams are shown to explain the techniques when necessary and it also covers issues as software and hardware used in the study.The fourth chapter, the implementation, discusses the approaches used in the implementation in detail based on the third chapter. It also covers such issues as software and hardware used in the study.The 5th chapter, the results and analysis, present the results according to the performance and benchmark measures that we have used in this study to compare with other models. It describes the choices that were needed in qualification model and justifies these choices in terms of the literature.The sixth chapter, conclusions and further work , restates the thesis hypothesis, discuss the conclusions raddled from the project and also thesis findings are put into perspective. Finally, the near steps to improve the model performance are considered.Chapter 2 Background and books Review2 Background and Literature ReviewThis section of thesis explores the theory of three relevant fields of the Financial cartridge clip Series, Stock Market, and Artificial Neural Networks, which together form the conceptual frameworks of the thesis as shown in the figure 1. Framework is provided to the trader to make valued and qualitative judgments concerning the future stock exchange movements. These three fields are reviewed in historical context, sketching out the development of those disciplines, and reviewing their academic credibility, and their application to this thesis. In the fountain of Neural Networks, the field is reviewed with regard to that portion of the literature which deals with applying neural network to the prediction of the stock exchange, the various type of techniques and neural networks used and an existing prediction model is extended to allow a more dilate analysis of the area than would otherwise have been possible.2.1 Financial clipping Series2.1.1 IntroductionThe field of the financial time series prediction is a highly complex task due to the following reasons1. The financial time series a great deal behaves like a random-walk process and predictability of such series is controversial issue which has been questioned in scope of EMH.2. The statistical plaza of the financial time series shift with the different time. Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998).3. Financial time series is usually noisy and the models which have been able to reduce such noise has been the better model in forecasting the value and direction of the stock exchange.4. In the long run, a new forecasting technique turns a part of the process to be forecasted, i.e. it influences the process to be forecasted (Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998).The for the first time shew is explained later in this section while discussing the EMH theory (Page).The represent of the irritability time series of FTSE carbon index from 14 June, 1993 to 29 December, 1998 and Dow Jones from 1928 to 2000 by Nelson Areal (2008) and Negrea Bogdan Cristian (2007) illustrates the second point of the FTSE degree centigrade 2.1.rin figure 2.1.1 and 2.2.2.These figures also shows that the volatility changes with period , in some periods FTSE 100 index value fluctuates so much and in some it remains calm.The third point is explained by the fact the dismantlets on a particular data affect the financial time series of the index, for example, the volatility of stocks or index increases in the first place resolve of major stock specific news (Donders and Vorst 1996). These events are random and summate noise in the time series which may make difficult to compare the two forecasting models difficult to compare as a random model can also produce results. The fourth result can be explained by the example. Suppose a participation develop a model or technique that can unwanted all other models or techniques. The social club will make lot of profits if this model is getable to less people. But if this technique is operable to all people with time due to its popularity, than the profits of the caller will diminish as the company will not no protracted take advantage of this technique. This argument is described in Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998 and Swingler 1994 .2.1.2 Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)EMH Theory has been a controversial issue for many years and there has been no mutual agreed deal among the academic researchers, whether it is possible to predict the stock price. The people who believe that the prices follow random walk trend and cannot be predicted, are usually people who support the EMH theory. academic researchers( Tino et al. 2000), have shown that the profit can be made by using historical information , whereas they also found difficult to verify the smashed form due to lack of all private and public data.The EMH was developed in 1965 by Fama (Fama 1965, Fama 1970) and has found widely accepted (Anthony and Biggs 1995, Malkiel 1987, White 1988, Lowe and Webb 1991) in the academic community (Lawrence et al. 1996).It states that the future index or stock value is only unpredictable given the historical information of the index or stocks. There are three forms of EMH weak, semi-strong, and strong form. The weak EMH rules out any form of forecasting based on the stocks history, since the stock prices follows a random walk in which in which successive changes have zero correlation (Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998). In Semi Strong hypothesis, we consider all the publicly available information such as volume data and fundamental data. In strong form, we consider all the publicly and in private available information.Another reason for argument against the EMH is that differe nt investors or traders react differently when a stock suddenly drops in a value. These different time perspectives will cause the unexpected change in the stock exchange, even if the new information has not entered in the scene. It may be possible to identify these situations and actually predict future changes (Hellstr om and Holmstrom 1998)The developer have proved it wrongly by making forecasting models, this issue remains an interesting area. This hostility is just only matter of the word immediately in the definition. The studies in support of the argument of EMH rely on using the statistical tests and show that the technical indicators and tested models cant forecast. However, the studies against the argument uses the time thwart between the point when new information enters the model or system and the point when the information has spread across over the globe and a equilibrium has been reached in the stock market with a new market price.2.1.3 Financial measure Series F orecastingFinancial term series Forecasting aims to find underlying patterns, trends and forecast future index value using using historical and current data or information. The historic determine are continuous and equally spaced value over time and it represent various types of data . The main aim of the forecasting is to find an approximate mapping function between the input variables and the forecasted or output value . According to Kalekar (2004), Time series forecasting assumes that a time series is a combination of a pattern and some error. The goal of the model using time series is to discern the pattern from the error by understanding the trend of the pattern and its seasonality some(prenominal) methods are used in time series forecasting like pathetic average (section ) moving averages, linear regression with time etc. Time series differs from the technical analysis (section) that it is based on the samples and tough the values as non-chaotic time series. Many academi c researchers have applied time series analysis in their forecasting model, but there has been no major success. 1a2.2 Stock Market2.2.1 IntroductionLet us consider the basics of the stock market.MM What are stocks?Stock refers to a share in the possession of a corporation or company. They represent a claim of the stock owner on the companys cabbage and assets and by buying more stocks the stake in the ownership is increased. In United States, stocks are often referred as shares, whereas in the UK they are also used as synonym for bonds, shares and equities.MM Why a telephoner issues a stock?The main reason for issuing stock is that the company wants to press bills by selling some part of the company. A company can raise money by two ways debt financing (borrowing money by issuing bonds or loan from bank) and law financing (borrowing money by issuing stocks).It is advantageous to raise the money by issuing stocks as the company has not to pay money back to the stock owners but they have to share the profit in the form of the dividends.MM What is Stock Pricing or price?A stock price is the price of a single stock of a number of saleable stocks traded by the company. A company issue stock at static price, and the stock price may increase or decrease according to the trade. Normally the price of the stocks in the stock market is determined by the supply/demand equilibrium.MM What is a Stock Market?Stock Market or equity market is a public market where the trading and issuing of a company stock or derivates takes place either through the stock exchange or they may be traded privately and over-the counter markets. It is vital part of the economy as it provides opportunities to the company to raise money and also to the investors of having potential gain by selling or buying share. The stock market in the US includes the NYSE, NASDAQ, the AMEX as well as many regional exchanges. London Stock Exchange is the major stock exchange in the UK and Europe.As mentione d in the Chapter 1, in this study we forecast the London Stock Exchange (Section 2.2.2.).Investing in the stock market is very doubtful as the stock market is uncertain and unsteady. The main aim of the investor is to get uttermost returns from the money invested in the stock market, for which he has to study about the performance, price history about the stock company .So it is a abundant course of instruction and according to Hellstrom (1997), there are four main ways to predict the stock market1. Fundamental analysis (section 2.2.3)2. technical analysis, (section 2.2.4)3. Time series forecasting (section 2.1)4. Machine learning (ANN). (Section 2.3)2.2.2 London Stock ExchangeLondon Stock Exchange is one of the worlds oldest and largest stock exchanges in the world, which started its operation in 1698, when John Casting commenced at this persona in Jonathans Coffee-house a list of stock and commodity prices called The gradation of the Exchange and other things 2 .On March 3, 1801, London Stock Exchange was officially ceremonious with current lists of over 3,200 companies and has existed, in one or more form or another for more than 300 years. In 2000, it persistent to become public and listed its shares on its own stock exchange in 2001. The London Stock market consists of the Main Market and Alternative Investments Market (AIM), plus EDX London (exchange for equity derivatives).The Main Market is mainly for established companies with high performance, and AIM hand trades small-caps, or new enterprises with high product potential.1 Since the put of the AIM in 1995, AIM has become the most successful process market in the world with over 3000 companies from across the globe have joined AIM. To evaluate the London Stock Exchange, the autonomous FTSE grouping (owned by the Financial Times and the London Stock Exchange) , sustains a series of indices comprising the FTSE 100 Index, FTSE 250 Index, FTSE 350 Index, FTSE All-Share, FTSE AIM-UK 50, FTSE AIM 100, FTSE AIM All-Share, FTSE SmallCap, FTSE Tech Mark 100 ,FTSE Tech Mark All-Share.4 FTSE 100 is the most famous and composite index reason individually from the top 100 largest companies whose shares are listed on the London Stock Exchange.The base date for calculation of FTSE 100 index is 1984. 2 In the UK, the FTSE 100 is frequently used by large investor, financial experts and the stock brokers as a guide to stock market performance. The FTSE index is calculated from the following locution2.2.3 Fundamental AnalysisFundamental Analysis focuses on evaluation of the future stock exchange movementsArtificial Neural Networks to forecast London Stock ExchangeArtificial Neural Networks to forecast London Stock ExchangeAbstractThis dissertation examines and analyzes the use of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to forecast the London Stock Exchange. Specifically the importance of ANN to predict the future trends and value of the financial market is demonstrated. There are sev eral contributions of this study to this area. The first contribution of this study is to find the best subset of the interrelated factors at both local and international levels that affect the London stock exchange from the various input variables to be used in the future studies.We use novel aspects, in the sense that we base the forecast on both the fundamental and technical analysis.The second contribution of this study was to provide well defined methodology that can be used to create the financial models in future studies. In addition, this study also gives various theoretical arguments in support of the approaches used in the construction of the forecasting model by comparing the results of the previous studies and modifying some of the existing approaches and tested them. The study also compares the performance of the statistical methods and ANN in the forecasting problem. The main contribution of this thesis lies in comparing the performance of the five different types of A NN by constructing the individual forecasting model of them.Accuracy of models is compared by using different evaluation criteria and we develop different forecasting models based on both the direction and value accuracy of the forecasted value. The fourth contribution of this study is to investigate whether the hybrid approach combining different individual forecasting models can outperform the individual forecasting models and compare the performance of the different hybrid approaches. Three hybrid approaches are used in this study, two are existing approaches and the third original approach, the mixed combined neural network -is being proposed in this study to the academic studies to forecast the stock exchange. The last contribution of this study lies in modifying the existing trading strategy to increase the favorableness of the investor and support the argument that the investor earns more profit if the forecasting model is being developed by using the direction accuracy as c ompared to the value accuracy.The best forecasting classification accuracy obtained is 93% direction accuracy and 0.0000831 (MSE) value accuracy which are better than the accuracies obtained by the previous academic studies. Moreover, this research validates the work of the existing studies that hybrid approach outperforms the individual forecasting model. In addition, the rate of the return that was attained in this thesis by using modified trading strategy is 120.14% which has shown significant improvement as compared to the 10.8493% rate of return of the existing trading strategy in other academics studies. The difference in the rate of return could be due to the fact that this study has developed good forecasting model or a better trading strategy.The experimental results show our method not only improves the accuracy rate, but also meet the short-term investors expectations. The results of this thesis also support the claim that some financial time series are not entirely rando m, and that contrary to the predictions of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH), a trading strategy could be based solely on historical data. It was concluded that ANN do have good capabilities to forecast financial markets and, if properly trained, the investor could benefit from the use of this forecasting tool and trading strategy.Chapter 11 Introduction1.1 Background to the ResearchFinancial Time Series forecasting has attracted the interest of academic researchers and it has been addressed since the 1980.It is a challenging problem as the financial time series have complex behavior, resulting from a various factors such as economic, psychological or political reasons and they are non-stationary , noisy and deterministically chaotic.In todays world, almost every individual is influenced by the fluctuations in the stock market. Now days people prefer to invest money in the diversified financial funds or shares due to its high returns than depositing in the banks. But there is l ot of risk in the stock market due to its high rate of uncertainty and volatility. To overcome such risks, one of the main challenges for many years for the researchers is to develop the financial models that can describe the movements of the stock market and so far there had not been an optimum model.The complexity and difficulty of forecasting the stock exchange, and the emergence of data mining and computational intelligence techniques, as alternative techniques to the conventional statistical regression and Bayesian models with better performance, have paved the road for the increased usage of these techniques in fields of finance and economics. So, traders and investors have to rely on the various types of intelligent systems to make trading decisions. (Hameed,2008). A Computational Intelligence system such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms etc has been widely established research area in the field of information systems. They have been used extensively in for ecasting of the financial market and they have been quite successful to some extent .Although the number of purposed methods in financial time series is very large , but no one technique has been successful to consistently to beat the market.For last three decades, opposing views have existed between the academic communities and traders about the topic of Random walk theory and Efficient Market Hypothesis(EMH) due to the complexity of the financial time series and lot of publications by different researchers have gather various amount of evidences in support as well as against it. Lehman (1990), Haugen (1999) and Lo (2000) gave evidence of the deficiencies in EMH. But the investors such as Warren Buffet for long period of time have beaten the stock market consistently. Market Efficiency or Random walk theory in terms of stock trading in the financial market means that it is impossible to earn excess returns using any historic information.In essence, then, the new information is the only variable that causes to alter the price of the index as well as used to predict the arrival and timing. Bruce James Vanstone (2005) stated that in an efficient market, security prices should appear to be randomly generated. Both sides in this argument are supported by empirical results from the different markets across over the globe. This thesis does not wish to enter into the argument theoretically whether to accept or reject the EMH. Instead, this thesis concentrates on the methodologies to be used for development of the financial models using the artificial neural networks (ANN), compares the forecasting capabilities of the various ANN and hybrid based approach models, develop the trading strategy that can help the investor and leaves the research of this thesis to stack up with the published work of other researchers which document ways to predict the stock market. In recent years and since its inception, ANN has gained momentum and has been widely used as a viable computa tional intelligent technique to forecast the stock market.The main challenge of the traders is to know the signals when the stock market deviates and to take advantage of such situations. The data used by the traders to remove the uncertainty in the stock market and to take trading decisions whether to buy or sell the stock using the information process is noisy. Information not contained in the known information subset used to forecast is considered to be noise and such environment is characterized by a low signal-to noise ratio. Refenes et.al (1993) and Thawornwong and Enke (2004) described that the relationship between the security price or returns and the variables that constitute that price (return), changes over time and this fact is widely accepted within the academic institutes.In other words, the stock markets structural mechanics may change over time which causes the effect on the index also change. Ferreira et al. (2004) described that the relationship between the variabl es and the predicted index is non linear and the Artificial neural networks (ANN) have the characteristic to represent such complex non-linear relationship. This thesis presents the mechanical London Stock Market trading system that uses the ANN forecasting model to extract the rules from daily index movements and generate signal to the investors and traders whether to buy, sell or hold a stock. The figure 1 and 2 represents the stock exchange and ANN forecasting model. By viewing the stock exchange as a financial market that takes historical and current data or information as an input, the investors react to this information based on their understanding, speculations, analysis etc.It would now seem very difficult to predict the stock market, characterized by high noise, nonlinearities, using only high frequency (weekly, daily) historical prices. Surprisingly though, there are anomalies in the behavior of the stock market that cannot be explained under the existing paradigm of marke t efficiency. Studies discussed in the literature review have been able to predict the stock market accurately to some extent and it seems that forecasting model developed by them have been able to pick some of the hidden patterns in the inherently non-linear price series. While it is true that forecasting model need to be designed and optimized with care in order to get accurate results .Further, it aims to contribute knowledge that will one day lead to a standard or optimum model for the prediction of the stock exchange. As such, it aims to present a well defined methodology that can be used to create the forecasting models and it is hoped that this thesis can address many of the deficiencies of the published research in this area. In the last decade, there has been plethora of the ANN models that were developed due to the absence of the well defined methodology, which were difficult to compare due to less published work and some of them have shown superior results in their domain s. Moreover, this study also compares the predictive power of the ANN with the statistical models. Normally the approach used by the academic researchers in the forecasting use technical analysis and some of them include the fundamental analysis. The technical analysis uses only historical data (past price) to determine the movement of the stock exchange and fundamental analysis is based on external information (like interest rates, prices and returns of other asset) that comes from the economic system surrounding the financial market.Building a trading system using forecasting model and testing it on the evaluation criteria is the only practical way to evaluate the forecasting model. There has been so much prior research on identifying the appropriate trading strategy for forecasting problem. This thesis does not wish to enter into the argument which strategy is best or not. Although, the importance of the trading strategy can hardly be underestimated, but this thesis concentrates on using one of the existing strategy, modify it and compares the return by the forecasting models. But there has always been debate in the academic studies over how to effectively benchmark the model of ANN for trading. Some of the academic researchers stated that predicting the direction of the stock exchange may lead to higher profits while some of them supported the view that predicting the value of the stock exchange may lead to higher rate of return. Azoff (1994) and Thawornwong and Enke (2004) discussed about this debate in their study.In essence, there is a need for a formalized development methodology for developing the ANN financial models which can be used as a benchmark for trading systems. All of this is accommodated by this thesis.1.2 Problem Statement and Research QuestionThe studies mentioned above have generally indicated that ANN, as used in the stock market, can be a valuable tool to the investor .Due to some of the problems discussed above, we are not still able to answer the questionCan ANNs be used to develop the accurate forecasting model that can be used in the trading systems to earn profit for the investor?From the variety of academic research summarized in the literature review, it is clear that a great deal of research in this area has taken place by different academic researchers and they have gathered various amounts of evidences in support as well as against it. This directly threatens the use of ANN applicability to the financial industry.Apart from the previous question, this research addresses various other problems1. Which ANN have better performance in the forecasting of the London Stock Exchange from the five different types of the ANN which are widely used in the academics?2. Which subset of the potential input variables from 2002-08 affect the LSE?3. Do international stock exchanges, currency exchange rate and other macroeconomic factors affect the LSE?4. How much the performance of the forecasting model is improved by us ing the regression analysis in the factor selection?5. Can use of the technical indicators improve the performance of the forecasting model?6. Which learning algorithm in the training of the ANN give the better performance?7. Does Hybrid-based Forecasting Models give better performance than the individual ANN forecasting models?8. Which Hybrid-based models have the better performance and what are the limitations of using them?9. Does the forecasting model developed on the basis of the percentage accuracy gives more rate of the return as compared to the value accuracy?10. Does the forecasting model having better performance in terms of the accuracy increase the profit of the investor when applied to the trading strategy?Apart from all questions outlined above, it addresses various another questions regarding the design of the ANN. Are there any approaches to solve the various issues in designing of the ANN like number of hidden layers and activation functions?This thesis will attempt to answer the above question within the constraints and scope of the 6-year sample period (from 2002-2008) using historical data of various variables that affect the LSE. Further, this thesis will also attempt to answer these questions within the practical constraints of transaction costs and money management imposed by real-world trading systems. Although a formal statement of the methodology or steps that is being used is left until section 3, it makes sense to discuss the way in which this thesis will address the above question.In this thesis, various types of ANN will be trained using fundamental data, and technical data according to the direction and value accuracy. A better trading system development methodology will be defined, and the performance of the forecasting model will be checked by using evaluation criteria rate of the return .In this way, the benefits of incorporating ANN into trading strategies in the stock market can be exposed and quantified. Once this process h as been undertaken, it will be possible to answer the thesis all questions.1.3 Motivation of the ResearchStock market has always had been an attractive appeal for the researchers and financial investors and they have studied it over again to extract the useful patterns to predict the movement of the stock market. The reason is that if the researchers can make the accurate forecasting model, they can beat the market and can gain excess profit by applying the best trading strategy.Numerous financial investors have suffered lot of financial losses in the stock market as they were not aware of the stock market behavior. They had the problem that they were not able to decide when they should sell or buy the stock to gain profit. Nevertheless, finding out the best time for the investor to buy or to sell has remained a very difficult task because there are too many factors that may influence stock prices. If the investors have the accurate forecasting model, then they can predict the futur e behavior of the stock exchange and can gain profit. This solves the problem of the financial investors to some extent as they will not bear any financial loss. But it does not guarantee that the investor can have better profit or rate of return as compared to other investors unless he utilized the forecasting model using better trading strategy to invest money in the share market. This thesis tries to solve the above problem by providing the investor better forecasting model and trading strategies that can be applied to real-world trading systems.1.4 Justification of ResearchThere are several features of this academic research that distinguish it from previous academic researches. First of all, the time frame chosen for the investigation of the ANN (2002-08) in the London Stock Exchange has never been tested in the previous academic work. The importance of the period chosen is that there are two counter forces, which are opposing each other. On the one hand, the improvement of the UK and other countries economy after the 2001 financial crises happened in this period as a whole. On the other hand, this period also shows the decline in the stock markets from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2008. So, it is important to test the forecasting model for bull, stable and bear market.Second, some of the research questions addressed in the above section, have not been investigated much in the academic studies, especially there is hardly any study which have done research on all the problems. Moreover, original hybrid based mixed neural network, better trading strategy and other modified approaches have been successfully being described and used in this studyFinally, there is a significant lack of work carried out in this area in the LSE. As such, this thesis draws heavily on results published mainly within the United States and other countries from the academics .One interesting aspect of this thesis is that it will be interesting to see how much of the published research on applic ation of ANN in stock market anomalies is applicable to the UK market. This is important as some of the academic studies (Pan et al (2005)) states that each stock market in the globe is different.1.5 Delimitations of scopeThe thesis concerns itself with historical data for the variables that affect London Stock Exchange during the period 2002 2008.1.6 Outline of the ReportThe remaining part of the thesis is organized in the following six chapters.The second chapter, the background and literature review, provides a brief introduction to the domain and also pertinent literature is reviewed to discuss the related published work of the previous researchers in terms of their contribution and content in the prediction of the stock exchange which serves as the building block for much of the research. Moreover, this literature review also gave solid justification why a particular set of ANN inputs are selected, which is important step according to the Thawornwong and Enke (2004) and and so me concepts from finance.The third chapter, the methodology, describes the steps in detail, data and the mechanics or techniques that take place in the thesis along with the empirical evidence. In addition, it also discuss the literature review for each step. Formulas and diagrams are shown to explain the techniques when necessary and it also covers issues as software and hardware used in the study.The fourth chapter, the implementation, discusses the approaches used in the implementation in detail based on the third chapter. It also covers such issues as software and hardware used in the study.The fifth chapter, the results and analysis, present the results according to the performance and benchmark measures that we have used in this study to compare with other models. It describes the choices that were needed in making model and justifies these choices in terms of the literature.The sixth chapter, conclusions and further work, restates the thesis hypothesis, discuss the conclusion s drawn from the project and also thesis findings are put into perspective. Finally, the next steps to improve the model performance are considered.Chapter 2 Background and Literature Review2 Background and Literature ReviewThis section of thesis explores the theory of three relevant fields of the Financial Time Series, Stock Market, and Artificial Neural Networks, which together form the conceptual frameworks of the thesis as shown in the figure 1. Framework is provided to the trader to make quantitative and qualitative judgments concerning the future stock exchange movements. These three fields are reviewed in historical context, sketching out the development of those disciplines, and reviewing their academic credibility, and their application to this thesis. In the case of Neural Networks, the field is reviewed with regard to that portion of the literature which deals with applying neural network to the prediction of the stock exchange, the various type of techniques and neural n etworks used and an existing prediction model is extended to allow a more detailed analysis of the area than would otherwise have been possible.2.1 Financial Time Series2.1.1 IntroductionThe field of the financial time series prediction is a highly complex task due to the following reasons1. The financial time series frequently behaves like a random-walk process and predictability of such series is controversial issue which has been questioned in scope of EMH.2. The statistical property of the financial time series shift with the different time. Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998).3. Financial time series is usually noisy and the models which have been able to reduce such noise has been the better model in forecasting the value and direction of the stock exchange.4. In the long run, a new forecasting technique becomes a part of the process to be forecasted, i.e. it influences the process to be forecasted (Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998).The first point is explained later in this section whi le discussing the EMH theory (Page).The graph of the volatility time series of FTSE 100 index from 14 June, 1993 to 29 December, 1998 and Dow Jones from 1928 to 2000 by Nelson Areal (2008) and Negrea Bogdan Cristian (2007) illustrates the second point of the FTSE 100 2.1.rin figure 2.1.1 and 2.2.2.These figures also shows that the volatility changes with period , in some periods FTSE 100 index value fluctuates so much and in some it remains calm.The third point is explained by the fact the events on a particular data affect the financial time series of the index, for example, the volatility of stocks or index increases before announcement of major stock specific news (Donders and Vorst 1996). These events are random and contribute noise in the time series which may make difficult to compare the two forecasting models difficult to compare as a random model can also produce results. The fourth result can be explained by the example. Suppose a company develop a model or technique that can outcast all other models or techniques. The company will make lot of profits if this model is available to less people. But if this technique is available to all people with time due to its popularity, than the profits of the company will decrease as the company will not no longer take advantage of this technique. This argument is described in Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998 and Swingler 1994 .2.1.2 Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)EMH Theory has been a controversial issue for many years and there has been no mutual agreed deal among the academic researchers, whether it is possible to predict the stock price. The people who believe that the prices follow random walk trend and cannot be predicted, are usually people who support the EMH theory. Academic researchers( Tino et al. 2000), have shown that the profit can be made by using historical information , whereas they also found difficult to verify the strong form due to lack of all private and public data.The EMH was developed in 1 965 by Fama (Fama 1965, Fama 1970) and has found widely accepted (Anthony and Biggs 1995, Malkiel 1987, White 1988, Lowe and Webb 1991) in the academic community (Lawrence et al. 1996).It states that the future index or stock value is completely unpredictable given the historical information of the index or stocks. There are three forms of EMH weak, semi-strong, and strong form. The weak EMH rules out any form of forecasting based on the stocks history, since the stock prices follows a random walk in which in which successive changes have zero correlation (Hellstrom and Holmstrom 1998). In Semi Strong hypothesis, we consider all the publicly available information such as volume data and fundamental data. In strong form, we consider all the publicly and privately available information.Another reason for argument against the EMH is that different investors or traders react differently when a stock suddenly drops in a value. These different time perspectives will cause the unexpected c hange in the stock exchange, even if the new information has not entered in the scene. It may be possible to identify these situations and actually predict future changes (Hellstr om and Holmstrom 1998)The developer have proved it wrong by making forecasting models, this issue remains an interesting area. This controversy is just only matter of the word immediately in the definition. The studies in support of the argument of EMH rely on using the statistical tests and show that the technical indicators and tested models cant forecast. However, the studies against the argument uses the time delay between the point when new information enters the model or system and the point when the information has spread across over the globe and a equilibrium has been reached in the stock market with a new market price.2.1.3 Financial Time Series ForecastingFinancial Time series Forecasting aims to find underlying patterns, trends and forecast future index value using using historical and current data or information. The historic values are continuous and equally spaced value over time and it represent various types of data . The main aim of the forecasting is to find an approximate mapping function between the input variables and the forecasted or output value . According to Kalekar (2004), Time series forecasting assumes that a time series is a combination of a pattern and some error. The goal of the model using time series is to separate the pattern from the error by understanding the trend of the pattern and its seasonality Several methods are used in time series forecasting like moving average (section ) moving averages, linear regression with time etc. Time series differs from the technical analysis (section) that it is based on the samples and treated the values as non-chaotic time series. Many academic researchers have applied time series analysis in their forecasting model, but there has been no major success. 1a2.2 Stock Market2.2.1 IntroductionLet us consider the basics of the stock market.MM What are stocks?Stock refers to a share in the ownership of a corporation or company. They represent a claim of the stock owner on the companys earnings and assets and by buying more stocks the stake in the ownership is increased. In United States, stocks are often referred as shares, whereas in the UK they are also used as synonym for bonds, shares and equities.MM Why a Company issues a stock?The main reason for issuing stock is that the company wants to raise money by selling some part of the company. A company can raise money by two ways debt financing (borrowing money by issuing bonds or loan from bank) and equity financing (borrowing money by issuing stocks).It is advantageous to raise the money by issuing stocks as the company has not to pay money back to the stock owners but they have to share the profit in the form of the dividends.MM What is Stock Pricing or price?A stock price is the price of a single stock of a number of saleable stocks trade d by the company. A company issue stock at static price, and the stock price may increase or decrease according to the trade. Normally the price of the stocks in the stock market is determined by the supply/demand equilibrium.MM What is a Stock Market?Stock Market or equity market is a public market where the trading and issuing of a company stock or derivates takes place either through the stock exchange or they may be traded privately and over-the counter markets. It is vital part of the economy as it provides opportunities to the company to raise money and also to the investors of having potential gain by selling or buying share. The stock market in the US includes the NYSE, NASDAQ, the AMEX as well as many regional exchanges. London Stock Exchange is the major stock exchange in the UK and Europe.As mentioned in the Chapter 1, in this study we forecast the London Stock Exchange (Section 2.2.2.).Investing in the stock market is very risky as the stock market is uncertain and unste ady. The main aim of the investor is to get maximum returns from the money invested in the stock market, for which he has to study about the performance, price history about the stock company .So it is a broad category and according to Hellstrom (1997), there are four main ways to predict the stock market1. Fundamental analysis (section 2.2.3)2. Technical analysis, (section 2.2.4)3. Time series forecasting (section 2.1)4. Machine learning (ANN). (Section 2.3)2.2.2 London Stock ExchangeLondon Stock Exchange is one of the worlds oldest and largest stock exchanges in the world, which started its operation in 1698, when John Casting commenced at this Office in Jonathans Coffee-house a list of stock and commodity prices called The Course of the Exchange and other things 2 .On March 3, 1801, London Stock Exchange was officially established with current lists of over 3,200 companies and has existed, in one or more form or another for more than 300 years. In 2000, it decided to become publi c and listed its shares on its own stock exchange in 2001. The London Stock market consists of the Main Market and Alternative Investments Market (AIM), plus EDX London (exchange for equity derivatives).The Main Market is mainly for established companies with high performance, and AIM hand trades small-caps, or new enterprises with high growth potential.1 Since the launch of the AIM in 1995, AIM has become the most successful growth market in the world with over 3000 companies from across the globe have joined AIM. To evaluate the London Stock Exchange, the autonomous FTSE Group (owned by the Financial Times and the London Stock Exchange) , sustains a series of indices comprising the FTSE 100 Index, FTSE 250 Index, FTSE 350 Index, FTSE All-Share, FTSE AIM-UK 50, FTSE AIM 100, FTSE AIM All-Share, FTSE SmallCap, FTSE Tech Mark 100 ,FTSE Tech Mark All-Share.4 FTSE 100 is the most famous and composite index calculated respectively from the top 100 largest companies whose shares are list ed on the London Stock Exchange.The base date for calculation of FTSE 100 index is 1984. 2 In the UK, the FTSE 100 is frequently used by large investor, financial experts and the stock brokers as a guide to stock market performance. The FTSE index is calculated from the following formula2.2.3 Fundamental AnalysisFundamental Analysis focuses on evaluation of the future stock exchange movements

Investigation of Argon Element

Investigation of argon ElementP1 Part 1 Atoms PosterThe element selected from the biyearly duck for this investigation is Argon. Over this first section of the poster, we will be miss this particular element in detail. Argon This element from the diurnal get across is known as a appalling gas. It takes up one of the tiniest percentages (at 0.93%) of the undercoats gentle wind on a whole. It was discovered in 1894 by devil chemists from the fall in Kingdom, who names are William Ramsay, and John William Strutt. This was accomplished as a closure of fractionally distilling both oxygen and liquid nitrogen, therefore, having Argon released as one of its by-products. It was scarcely(prenominal) completely isolated after the distillation process by examining the thriftlessness product from removing of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon copy dioxide, and water from the clean air.All the elements on the biyearly circuit board are represented by their own unique and item-by-item sym bol. Argon is an element on the day-by-day table represented by the symbol Ar. Also, Argon is displayed having an divis loft tot up of 18 which displays to us that it has an centre of 18 protons located in the sum as well as the 18 electrons demonstrate on the atoms shells is also displayed as having the atomic flowerpot of 40 which is the number of protons and neutrons combines. As we already know it has a number of 18 protons from the atomic number we can then find break through the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic host from the atomic number that equals to 22 neutrons. Additionally, by it being in stem 0 it, therefore, has a extend classification of being a noble gas due to obtaining a full outside shell of 8 electrons. Due to this, it has the logical exemplification state of a colourless gas. By being a noble gas it has acquires special properties, primarily being that this non- metallic element is a very inert gas due to its complete electronic structu re, not needing to gain or lose its out shell electrons to other elements, not needing to achieve its already obtained electronic structure of a noble gas. Additionally, it is found in the 3rd period on the periodic table due to it occupying 3 shells. Its electronic configuration has 2 electrons on the first shell and 8 get aroundly on the following two.Sub-atomic particlesAll atoms consist of the aforementioned(prenominal) subatomic particles. The table below displays the relative mass and charge of an electron, a proton and a neutron congress MassRelative ChargeProton1+1Neutron10Electron1/1850-1As shown, protons and neutrons involve the relative mass of 1 indicating that they are of equal size. Electrons are shown to have a relative mass of 1/1850 due to it being minuscule compared to protons and neutrons. Additionally, the relative charges are assorted to one another. Protons with a positive (+1) charge. Neutrons with no charge (0), and electrons with a (-1) charge. voice 1 The Periodic Table base 1Alkali metalsGroup 7HalogensGroup 2Alkaline earth metalsGroup 8Noble gasesHow are the elements in the periodic table arranged? in that respect are distinct elements in the periodic table. These elements are categorised into clear sections. First of all, the metals (alkali /alkaline earth metals) are arranged on the leftfield of the periodic table. Alkalis in assort one and then alkaline earth metals in the second. Next, the middle of the periodic table is where transition metals are found from scandiums group to coppers. Lastly for the metals, the poor metals that are found from zincs group to group six. Then follow the non-metals on the right-hand side starting from group to seven. Ultimately, group 0, consists of noble gases. There are then factors that create the periodic table layout. Firstly, the number of shells that occupy an atom correlates to which period number words that its in. in addition, the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom is the same as the group column number in the table. However, for noble gases, theyre different to all atoms due to having a full outer shell of electrons. This, therefore, categorises them in group 0.Electronegativity In covalent bonds, negativism shows how strongly an atom attracts electrons. It increases as you go across a period in a table, therefore, the greatening the attraction for bonding electrons.Far left elementsThese are atoms in the periodic table have only one or two electrons in their outer shells, concluding them in needing to give these away to achieve a full outer shell configuration. These have a low electronegativity due to being found on the far-left of the periodic table as the name suggests.Far-right elementsThese are atoms in the periodic table that only need a few electrons to achieve a full outer shell, therefore having a strong desire to grab another atoms electron(s). These have a high electronegativity due to being found on the far-right of the p eriodic table as the name suggests.Ionisation skill Ionisation faculty is simply the amount of energy needed to separate an electron from an atom to radiation diagram an ion. Like electronegativity, the process of ionisation energy generally increases as you go across a period.Atomic gas constant The atomic radius consists of the length of the outer shell of an atom to the nucleus centre. Therefore, across periods on the periodic table, the atomic radius of the atoms decrease. This means that as you go along a period the distance amidst the outer shell and the nucleus decreases.Sodium2, 8,1Nitrogen2, 5Potassium2, 8,8,1 snow2, 4Magnesium2, 8, 2Oxygen2, 6Calcium2, 8, 8, 2 centilitre2,8,7Neon2, 8Section 2 BondingElements form bonds to complete their outer shell to make them stable. There are two main types of bonding, ionic and covalent. We will be overlooking these two bonding types in this second section.Ionic bondingIonic bonding occurs between the positive metal ion and a neg ative non-metal ion compounds which attract and form an ionic bond by electrostatic attraction.The process begins with transferring an electron from a metal atom (far left element) to a non-metal atom (far right element). During ionic bonding, metal atoms lose their electrons to the non-metals which gain their electrons.A positive ion is organise when metals from groups one or two loose electrons to the far-right elements and then negative ions are formed when an atom in group six or seven gains electrons the electrons from those of the far-left elements.covalentThis bonding process occurs in compounds of two non-metals. In a covalent bond, electron pairs occupy an area between overlapping atoms. This is to allow the sacramental manduction of electrons between the atoms in the compound which also allows for the structure to be held unneurotic and maintained.Covalent Molecules pee and formulaDot-cross diagramWater H(2)OMethane CH4Hydrogen Chloride HClChlorine Cl2Carbon dioxide CO2 Tetrahedral Basis of Organic Molecules Using the molecular models Ive pull the structures of the following organic compounds and indicate their bond angles around the mid carbon atom.Organic CompoundStructure including bond anglesMethane (CH4)Ethane (C2H6)Propane (C3H8)Ionic Molecules Name and formulaDot-cross diagramLithium chloride(LiCl)Sodium oxide(Na2O)Calcium chloride (CaCl2)Aluminium oxide(Al2O3)Bibliographyhttp//www.ptable.com/Images/periodic%20table.png